Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1912. / "Reprinted from The Botanical Gazette, Vol. LII, No. 1."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1912. / "Reprinted from The Botanical Gazette, Vol. LII, No. 1."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1912. / "Reprinted from The Botanical Gazette, Vol. LII, No. 1." Also available on the Internet. Also issued online.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Persimmon production is new to the Western Cape region of South Africa and is well suited to its Mediterranean climate. Export market opportunities for out-of-season fruit in traditional Northern Hemisphere markets have led to the planting of almost 700 ha of the astringent cultivar ‘Triumph’ since 1998. Production of other cultivars is negligible compared to ‘Triumph’. There is a need to study the vegetative and reproductive phenology of ‘Triumph’ in order to improve production under local conditions. In order to determine the physical characteristics of good bearing units, the effect of length and orientation of one-year-old shoots on bud break, vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting and fruit quality was evaluated. Further trials were conducted to determine the duration of the flowering period, flower distribution on one-year-old shoots and the timing of flower initiation. Shoots between 30-60 cm, the longest length studied, produced the most new vegetative growth, had the most flowers, and set the most fruit. Fruit also ripened faster on 30-60 cm shoots compared to shorter shoots. Shoots with more flowers were thicker than shoots of equal length, but with fewer flowers. Poor fruit set is one of the most important problems in persimmon cultivation. Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of gibberellic acid (GA3) and scoring or girdling during full bloom (FB) to increase fruit set and yield. Different GA3 concentrations (20 mg·L-1 and 40 mg·L-1) were evaluated. GA3 applications and scoring/girdling were applied at 30% FB or 30 and 70% FB. While GA3 treatments were ineffective, scoring increased fruit set and yields in young orchards (< 5-year-old) up to three times. In general, GA3 sprays decreased fruit size although it did not increase the number of fruit per tree. In more mature orchards (> 5 years old), scoring or girdling in combination with GA3 applications at 30 and 70% FB increased yield by an average of 16 tons (45%) compared to GA3 treatment on its own (35 tons). This increase in yield did not affect fruit size. Girdling and scoring were equally effective in increasing yield. When it comes to GA3 applications to improve fruit set in mature orchards, producers must bear in mind that 30% full bloom occurs already 2 to 4 days after the first flowers are open. Based on these data, guidelines to manage fruit set can be developed for the South African persimmon industry. However, these guidelines will also need to entail pruning and thinning strategies to prevent alternate bearing that may result from the high yields. ‘Triumph’ preferentially initiates flowers laterally in terminal quadrants of one-year-old shoots. This has to be taken into consideration with the development of pruning strategies. When timing thinning treatments, producers should keep in mind that flower initiation starts shortly after shoot elongation has ended and soon after fruit set. The short harvesting period of ‘Triumph’ puts pressure on producers and packing facilities, and shortens the marketing window of fruit. The final objective of this study was to advance or delay harvesting by using scoring or plant growth regulators. The effect of these treatments on fruit quality at harvest and after storage for 3 months at -0.5 °C and shelf life of 5 to 7 days at 15 °C were evaluated over two seasons. n-Propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and scoring generally did not affect fruit ripening and storability. 2-Cloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied at 24 mg·L-1 4 weeks before the first of two harvest dates (WBFH) advanced ripening. Gibberellic acid (GA3) application at 50 mg·L-1 2 WBFH and 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) applied immediately after harvest, delayed fruit ripening and reduced fruit softening during storage and shelf life. Future research should evaluate combined treatments of ethephon with MCP or GA3 to advance harvesting without negatively effecting storability of fruit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verbouing van persimmon is ‘n nuut tot die Wes-Kaap streek van Suid-Afrika met sy geskikte Mediterreense klimaat. Uitvoergeleenthede vir buite-seisoen vrugte na tradisionele Noordelike Halfrond markte het sedert 1998 gelei tot die aanplant van bykans 700 ha van die vrank cultivar, ‘Triumph’. Ander cultivars word ook verbou, maar die hoeveelhede is weglaatbaar in vergelyking met ‘Triumph’. Daar bestaan ‘n behoefte om die vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe fenologie van ‘Triumph’ te bestudeer ten einde produksie onder plaaslike toestande te verbeter. Die effek van lengte en oriëntasie van een-jaar-oue lote op knopbreek, vegetatiewe groei, blomtyd, vrugset en vrugkwaliteit is geëvalueer ten einde die fisieke eienskappe van goeie dra-eenhede te bepaal. Verdere proewe is uitgevoer om die duur van die blomperiode, die verspreiding van blomme op een-jaar-oue lote en die periode van blominisiasie te bepaal. Lote tussen 30–60 cm, die langste lengte wat bestudeer is, produseer die meeste nuwe vegetatiewe groei, het die meeste blomme en set die meeste vrugte. Vrugte op 30–60 cm lange lote het ook vinniger ryp geword in vergelyking met vrugte op korter lote. Lote met baie blomme was dikker as lote van dieselfde lengte, maar met minder blomme. Swak vrugset is een van die belangrikste probleme wat persimmon produksie kniehalter. Eksperimente is uitgevoer om te bepaal of toediening van gibberelliensuur (GA3) en insnyding (scoring) of ringelering gedurende volblom (VB) effektief is om vrugset en produksie te verhoog. Verskillende GA3 konsentrasies (20 mg·L-1 en 40 mg·L-1) is geëvalueer. GA3 toegediening en insnyding/ringelering is uitgevoer by 30% VB of by 30% en 70% VB. Terwyl GA3 ondoeltreffend was in jong boorde (< 5-jaar-oud), het insnyding vrugset en produksie tot drie keer verhoog. GA3 het vruggrootte oor die algemeen verminder sonder dat daar ‘n toename in die aantal vrugte per boom was. In meer volwasse boorde (>5-jaar-oud) het insnyding/ringelering in kombinasie met GA3 toediening by 30 en 70% VB, produksie met gemiddeld 16 ton (45%) verhoog in vergelyking met net GA3-behandeling (35 ton). Hierdie verhoging in produksie het geen effek op vruggrootte gehad nie. Ringelering en insnyding was ewe effektief in die verhoging van produksie. Met die toediening van GA3 in volwasse boorde moet produsente in gedagte hou dat 30% VB bereik kan word binne 2 tot 4 dae nadat die eerste blomme oopgegaan het. Bogenoemde data stel ons in staat om riglyne vir die bestuur van vrugset te ontwikkel vir die Suid-Afrikaanse persimmon bedryf. Ten einde die ontstaan van alternerende drag as gevolg van hoë vrugladings te vermy, sal snoei- en uitdunstrategieë egter in ag geneem moet word met die saamstel van hierdie riglyne. ‘Triumph’ inisieer blomme hoofsaaklik lateraal in die terminale kwadrante van een-jaar-oue lote. Dit moet in aanmerking geneem word met die ontwikkeling van snoeistrategieë. Met die tydsberekening van uitdunbehandelings, moet produsente in gedagte hou dat blominisiasie in aanvang neem kort na lootgroeistaking en vrugset plaasgevind het. Die kort oesperiode van ‘Triumph’ plaas produsente en verpakkingsaanlegte onder druk, en verkort die bemarkingsvenster van vrugte. Die laaste doelwit van hierdie studie was om oes te vervroeg of uit te stel deur gebruik te maak van insnyding of plantgroeireguleerders. Die effek van hierdie behandelings op vrugkwaliteit met oes, na opberging vir 3 maande by -0.5 oC en raklewe van 5 tot 7 dae by 15 oC is geëvalueer oor twee seisoene. Npropieldihidrojasmonaat (PDJ), amino-etoksievinielglisien (AVG) en insnyding het oor die algemeen geen effek op die rypwording en opbergingsvermoë van vrugte gehad nie. Toediening van 2-chloro-etielfosfiensuur (ethephon) teen 24 mg·L-1, 4 weke voor die eerste van twee oeste het rypwording versnel. Toediening van gibberelliensuur (GA3) teen 50 mg·L-1 2 weke voor die eerste oes en 1-metielsiklopropeen (MCP) onmiddelik na oes, het rypwording vertraag en het die sagword van vrugte gedurende opberging en raklewe verminder. Ten einde oesdatums te vervroeg sonder om die opbergingsvermoë van vrugte te benadeel, behoort die kombinasie van ethephon met MCP of GA3 geëvalueer te word.

Orientador: Vânia Regina Nicoletti Telis / Coorientador: Javier Telis Romero / Banca: Kil Jin Park / Banca: Renato Alexandre Ferreira Cabral / Banca: Maria Aparecida Mauro / Banca: José Antônio Gomes Vieira / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a secagem de polpa de caqui para a obtenção de polpa em pó por diferentes métodos e com diferentes tipos de aditivos, inclusive avaliando as características reológicas da polpa de caqui destinada à secagem. Dados de umidade de equilíbrio de polpa de caqui em pó com e sem aditivos - 18 % de maltodextrina ou 18 % de goma arábica - foram determinados a 20, 30, 40 e 50 oC utilizando o método gravimétrico com uma atividade de água variando de 0,06 a 0,90. A adição de aditivos afetou as isotermas, de tal forma que, na mesma atividade de água, amostras de polpa com goma arábica e de polpa com maltodextrina apresentaram menor teor de umidade de equilíbrio e não foram tão afetados pela variação de temperatura. Em outro estudo, foi obtida polpa de caqui em pó com 50 % de maltodextrina DE 10 através de três métodos de secagem: em estufa a vácuo (60 ºC), em spray dryer (140 ºC) e por liofilização (-45 ºC). O pó produzido em spray dryer apresentou maior capacidade de sorção em relação aos pós desidratados em estufa a vácuo e em liofilizador. Observou-se também que o calor isostérico de sorção diminuiu com o aumento do teor de umidade e que o pó produzido no spray dryer apresentou o maior valor do calor isostérico de sorção, enquanto os pós obtidos em estufa a vácuo e no liofilizador apresentaram os menores valores de calores de sorção. Finalmente, foram investigadas a influência da temperatura (30, 40, 50 e 60 oC) e a adição de maltodextrina DE 10 nos parâmetros reológicos da polpa de caqui. Curvas de escoamento foram obtidas em um reômetro rotacional utilizando a geometria de placas paralelas (40 mm) com um gap de 800 m e taxa de deformação de 2,5 a 1500 s-1. Os modelos da Lei da Potência (Ostwald-de Waelle), Casson e Mizrahi- Berk foram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the drying of persimmon pulp in order to produce powdered pulp by different methods and using different drying aids, including assessing the rheological properties of persimmon pulp intended for drying. Data of equilibrium moisture content of persimmon pulp powder with and without drying aids - 18% maltodextrin or 18 % gum Arabic - were determined at 20, 30, 40 and 50° C using the gravimetric method at water activity ranging from 0.06 to 0.90. Addition of drying aids affected the isotherms: at the same water activity, persimmon pulp powder with added gum Arabic or maltodextrin presented lower equilibrium water content than pure persimmon pulp and were less affected by temperature variations. In another study, persimmon pulp powder with 50 % maltodextrin DE 10 was obtained by three different drying methods: vacuum drying (60 °C), spray drying (140 ºC), and freeze drying. The powder produced by spray drying (-45 ºC) showed a higher sorption capacity in relation to powder dehydrated by vacuum drying and freeze drying. It was also observed that the isosteric heat of sorption decreased with increasing moisture content and the powder produced in the spray dryer had the highest value of isosteric heat of sorption, while the powders obtained by vacuum and freeze drying had the lowest values of heats of sorption. The effects of temperature (30, 40, 50 e 60 oC) and maltodextrin DE 10 addition on the rheological properties of persimmon pulp were also studied. Flow curves were obtained in a rotational rheometer using a parallel plates geometry (40 mm) with a 800 m gap, and shear rate in the range of 2.5 to 1500 s-1. The persimmon pulp was obtained from fresh fruits using a finisher and submitted to vacuum in order to eliminate air bubbles in the samples. The Power Law (Ostwald-de Waelle), Casson and Mizrahi-Berk models were tested to adjust... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Production of the South African ‘Triumph’ persimmon grown as a counter season supply to European markets declined from 740 ha in 2008 to 550 ha in 2011 due to, among other factors, quality variation observed when the fruit arrives at the market. Variation in fruit quality affects acceptability, hence profitability. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of time of maturity (influenced by region and paclobutrazol treatment), stage of maturity at harvest (colour), orchard differences and wind on ‘Triumph’ persimmon storage potential (6.5 weeks at -0.5 oC and after 4 days shelf-life at 20 oC) as well as evaluation of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) as an objective tool to sort fruit of various maturity stages. The first study compared storage potential of fruit from an early region treated with paclobutrazol, an untreated early region and a late region harvested at 4 stages of maturity determined by the Perishable Product and Inspection Services (PPIS) persimmon colour chart. Harvesting South African ‘Triumph’ persimmon at colour group 3 (PPIS colour chart values 5-6 compared to commercial harvest at 4-5) demonstrated the potential to improve fruit storage potential regardless of the maturity time. The second trial compared storage potential of fruit harvested at colour group 3 from 4 orchards on each maturity time in the 2012 season and 5 orchards on adjacent farms in the 2013 season. The results demonstrated that, although harvesting fruit at PPIS colour chart values 5-6 improved the general post-harvest quality, significant quality variation resulting from orchard factors could occur. The third trial investigated the effect of wind on storage potential of ‘Triumph’ persimmon fruit by simulating wind and wind damage by blowing trees for 10 min, shaking trees for 2 min, defoliating half of the trees and twisting fruit stalks. Wind simulations increased soft fruit after cold storage, decreased titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) after shelf-life and delayed fruit colour development after storage and after shelf-life. The effect of wind simulation and simulated damage on storage potential varied per season and should be studied further in more detail. However, orchard practices that reduce wind power may improve quality of stored ‘Triumph’ persimmon fruit. The fourth trial investigated the possibility of using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRs) as an alternative or complimentary non-destructive fruit sorting tool. Near infra-red (NIR) spectra were obtained over the wavelength range of 800-2500 nm. Flesh firmness, Sinclair (IQ) firmness, TSS, TA and fruit colour were determined using conventional methods after spectral measurements. All measured quality parameters showed that PPIS colour chart alone may not categorise fruits into precise distinctive maturity stages. NIR calibration and validation models proved that NIRs predicts TSS and fruit colour throughout post-harvest storage of ‘Triumph’ persimmon fruit. In conclusion, this study found that harvesting South African ‘Triumph’ persimmon at PPIS colour chart values 5-6, orchard management for post-harvest quality, reducing wind damage and using NIRs as complimentary maturity indexing tool may improve storage potential of the South African ‘Triumph’ persimmon fruit. / AFRIKKANSE OPSOMMING: Die produksie van Suid-Afrikaanse ‘Triumph’ persimmons om die Europese markte te voorsien gedurende die tyd van die jaar wanneer daar geen vrugte op die mark is nie, het afgeneem vanaf 740 ha in 2008 tot 550 ha in 2011. Een van die faktore wat ‘n rol gespeel het in die afname van produksie is die variërende kwaliteit van vrugte op die mark. Vrugkwaliteit variasie affekteer die bemarkbaarheid van vrugte, en dus winsgewendheid. Die doel van die studie was om die effek van tyd van oesrypheid (soos bepaal deur kleur en beïnvloed deur produksie area en paclobutrazol behandeling), boordvariasie en wind op ‘Triumph’ persimmon opberging (6 weke en 3 dae by -0.5 oC) en rakleeftyd (4 dae by 20 oC) te bepaal. Die studie het ook die geskiktheid van naby-infrarooi spektroskopie (NIRs) as ‘n objektiewe sorteringsinstrument van verskeie rypheidsstadia getoets. Die eerste proef vergelyk opbergingspotensiaal van vrugte uit ‘n vroeë produksie area behandel met paclobutrazol, onbehandelde vrugte uit ‘n vroeë produksie area, en vrugte uit ‘n laat produksie area geoes by 4 verskillende stadia van rypwording soos bepaal deur die Bederfbare Produkte en Inspeksie Dienste (Perishable Product and Inspection Services (PPIS)) se persimmonkleurkaart. Die oes van Suid-Afrikaanse persimmons by kleurkaartgroep 3 (PPIS kleurkaart waardes 5-6 in vergelyking met kommersiële oes by 4-5) het die potensiaal om vrugopbergbaarheid te verbeter onafhanklik van produksie area. Die tweede proef vergelyk opbergbaarheid van vrugte van 4 boorde in elke rypwordings tyd / area (2012 seisoen) en 5 boorde op aangrensende plase (2013 seisoen) wat by kleurgroep 3 geoes is. Die resultate demonstreer dat alhoewel vrugkwaliteit na-oes beter behou word wanneer vrugte by PPIS kleurkaartwaardes van 5-6 ge-oes word, betekenisvolle kwaliteitsvariasie bestaan as gevolg van boordverskille. Die derde proef ondersoek die effek van gesimuleerde wind en windskade op die opbergbaarheid van ‘Triumph’ persimmonvrugte. Dit is gedoen deur bome vir 10 min te blaas met lug met behulp van ‘n kommersiële boordspuitpomp, hard te skud vir 2 min, deur die helfte van die blare te stroop, en deur die vrugstele te wring. Windsimulering verhoog die persentasie sagte vrugte na koueopberging, verminder titreerbare sure (TS) en totale oplosbare vastestowwe (TOVS) na rakleeftyd en vertraag vrugkleurontwikkeling na opberging en rakleeftyd. Die effek van windsimulering en geassosieerde skade op opbergbaarheid het baie gevarieer tussen seisoene en moet verder en in meer detail bestudeer word. Boordpraktyke wat windkrag verminder mag egter ‘n verbetering in die kwaliteit van ‘Triumph’ persimmonvrugte tot gevolg hê. Die vierde proef bestudeer die geskiktheid van NIRs as ‘n alternatiewe of aanvullende niedestruktiewe vrugsorteringsapparaat. NIR spektra is ingesamel tussen 800-2500 nm. Fermheid, Sinclair (IQ) fermheid, TOVS, TA en vrugkleur is bepaal deur konvensionele metodes na spektrale metings. Alle vrugkwaliteitsparameters het gewys dat die PPIS kleurkaart nie alleen die vrugte in presiese rypheidsklasse kan indeel nie. NIR kalibrasie en validasie modelle bewys dat NIRs TOVS en vrugkleur ‘Triumph’ persimmon na-oes kwaliteit kan voorspel. In gevolgtrekking het die studie bevind dat die oes van Suid-Afrikaanse persimmonvrugte by PPIS kleurkaartwaardes van 5-6, boordbestuurspraktyke vir die behoud van na-oes kwaliteit, windskade vermindering en die gebruik van NIRs as ‘n aanvullende rypheidsindekseringsapparaat die opbergingsvermoë van Suid Afrikaanse ‘Triumph’ persimmons mag verbeter.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_mr_me_botfca.pdf: 385707 bytes, checksum: 41ae17677f0108b83fb35983ea399df6 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação do cloreto de cálcio e o uso da atmosfera modificada ativa e passiva na frigoconservação de caqui „Giombo‟ destanizado e não destanizado visando à manutenção da qualidade e retardando o amadurecimento. Os frutos foram colhidos na Fazenda Sacramento Agropastoril Ltda e transportados para o Laboratório de Frutas e Hortaliças – UNESP/FCA onde foram selecionados, higienizados e submetidos aos tratamentos, no caso da aplicação do cloreto de cálcio, os frutos foram imersos por 10 minutos nas concentrações de 0% (controle), 0,5, 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0% CaCl2 e embalados com filme de policloreto de vinila 0,020mm, enquanto que os submetidos a diferentes concentrações de gases: 0,03% CO2 e 21% O2 (controle); 5% CO2 e 4% O2; 6% CO2 e 4% O2; 7% CO2 e 4% O2; 8% CO2 e 4% O2 foram embalados em sacos nylon+polietileno. A seguir, os frutos foram armazenados à temperatura de 0±0,5ºC e 85±5% UR por 35 dias e analisados a cada 7 dias quanto à perda de massa, atividade respiratória, coloração, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, “Ratio”, pH, firmeza, pectinametilesterase, poligalacturonase, açúcar redutor, ácido ascórbico e índice de adstringência. O delineamento estatístico empregado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições para perda de massa e atividade respiratória e com três repetições para as demais análises, utilizando-se o Teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Nas condições em que os experimentos foram realizados, pode-se concluir que os frutos destanizados e não destanizados submetidos à aplicação do cloreto de cálcio apresentaram menor produção de CO2 e pico climatérico tardio, porém, para as demais análises o cálcio não apresentou incremento positivo na manutenção da qualidade e da firmeza dos frutos... / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of application of calcium chloride and use of modified atmosphere in cold storage of persimmon 'Giombo‟ destanizado and not destanizado order to maintain the quality and delay ripening. The fruits were harvested in the Sacramento Agropastoril Farm Ltda and transported to the Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables - FCA / UNESP where they were selected, cleaned and subjected to treatment in the case of application of calcium chloride, the fruits were immersed for 10 minutes at concentrations 0% (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% CaCl2 and packed with polyvinyl chloride film of 0.020 mm, while subjected to different concentrations of gases: 0, 03% CO2 and 21% O2 (control), 5% CO2 and 4% O2; 6% CO2 and 4% O2; 7% CO2 and 4% O2; 8% CO2 and 4% O2 were packed in polyethylene + nylon bags. Then the fruits were stored at 0±0,5ºC with 85±5% RH for 35 days and analyzed every 7 days for loss of mass, respiratory activity, color, titratable acidity, soluble solids, Ratio, pH, firmness, activities of pectinmethylesterase and polygalacturonase, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid and astringency index. The employed statistical design was thoroughly randomized, with five repetitions for weight loss and breathing and three replicates for further analysis, using the Tukey‟s Test to 5% of probability. In conditions where the experiments were performed, one can conclude that the fruits destanizados and not destanizados of subjected to the application of calcium chloride had lower CO2 production and the climacteric peak later, but for the other calcium analysis did not show a positive increase in maintenance of quality and fruit firmness. While, for fruit subjected to modified... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Master of Science / Food Science Institute-Animal Science & Industry / Daniel Y.C. Fung / Three experiments were conducted to study the antimicrobial effectiveness of persimmon puree and phenolic compounds commonly found in the persimmon and plum. The objectives in experiment 1 were to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of persimmon puree on BioballTM Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157 in a liquid medium. Persimmon puree was added at 1, 3, 5, and 10% wt./vol concentrations to brain heart infusion broth and inoculated with BioballTM Listeria monoctogenes and BioballTM Escherichia coli 0157. Microbial growth was evaluated at 0, 24, 36 and 72 h. Results indicated that at 24 h, persimmon puree at all concentrations suppressed (P<0.05) growth of L. monocytogenes compared to the control. Suppressed (P<0.05) growth of L. monocytogenes continued through 36 and 72 h for all concentrations of persimmon puree tested. However, due to non-pathogenic background Gram-negative micoflora, inhibition of E. coli O157 could not be ascertained. The objectives of experiment 2 were to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of selected phenolic compounds (benzoic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin on E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, L. monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Quercetin, vanillic, and chlorogenic acids were effective against selected pathogens at varying levels, but not as potent as Benzoic or Gallic acid. Results indicated that benzoic acid had the most effect against E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium and B. cereus at concentrations of 452.98, 239.63 and 518.79 µg/ml, respectively. Gallic acid was the most effective against Y. enterocolitica, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus at concentrations of 11.01, 29.06 and 22.45 µg/ml, respectively. The objective of experiment 3 were to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of persimmon puree at concentrations of 0, 3, 5 and 10% wt./wt on a five strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes in ground beef. There was no suppression of growth at any concentration at 0, 1, 3 or 5 d. However, there was an increase (P<0.05) on 5 d for concentrations 5 and 10% persimmon puree when compared to the control. These series of experiments suggest that benzoic and gallic acids may have potential to suppress microbial growth. Persimmon puree appears to be an effective antimicrobial agent against Gram-positive bacteria in a liquid medium. However, incorporation of persimmon puree into ground beef did not yield an antimicrobial effect. Therefore, more research needs to be conducted to validate the effectiveness of phenolic compounds and persimmon puree as antimicrobial agents in food substances.

A década de 90 foi caracterizada por uma grande expansão no mercado Brasileiro e mundial de frutas, em especial nas frutas de outono, como o caqui Diospyros kaki L.). Embora a quase totalidade da produção nacional de caqui seja destinada ao mercado interno, o Brasil vem se consolidando nos últimos anos como país exportador dessa fruta para países do continente americano e europeu. Por essa razão, o cultivo dessa fruteira vem se constituindo numa importante atividade agrícola para pequenos produtores no Brasil. O conhecimento da fenologia e de como varia o conteúdo em carboidratos de reserva do caquizeiro em clima tropical é de grande importância para o estudo do desenvolvimento dessa espécie nessas condições. A falta informações dessa natureza para o caquizeiro cultivado no Brasil motivou o presente estudo com a variedade Rama Forte, a mais cultivada e consumida no país. O trabalho conduzido em um pomar localizado na área experimental, setor de horticultura, da escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) em Piracicaba - SP, no período 2002/2003. A fenologia foi caracterizada desde a brotação das gemas até a abscisão foliar. A variação dos teores de carboidratos de reserva em ramos e em raízes é descrita tendo por base os diferentes períodos de coleta de material no campo, e discutidos em função dos estádios fenológicos da planta e das estações do ano. As plantas estudadas passaram pelos estádios de dormência, brotação, elongação, florescimento, frutificação, senescência e abscisão foliar. As curvas de crescimento do fruto exibiram o padrão sigmoidal duplo, sendo que o crescimento em diâmetro se antecipou em relação ao acúmulo de massa. O crescimento do cálice se estabilizou ao final do último estágio de desenvolvimento dos frutos. Da brotação das gemas no final do inverno até a maturação dos frutos no início do outono passaram-se 199 dias. Após o florescimento foram produzidos apenas frutos sem sementes, com duração de 161 dias até a sua maturação. Ocorreram dois picos no abortamento de frutos. Os primeiros sintomas de senescência das folhas foram registrados a partir do último estágio de desenvolvimento dos frutos, dois meses e meio após a formação da copa ter sido concluída. Da brotação das gemas até o completo desfolhamento somaram-se 287 dias no decorrer de toda a primavera, verão e outono. A análise dos teores dos carboidratos de reserva mostrou que ocorreram variações significativas (P &#8804;0,05) no teor de amido e de açúcares solúveis totais nos órgãos amostrados. O amido se constitui numa importante fonte de material de reserva a ser mobilizada durante o ciclo do caquizeiro. Em relação aos açúcares solúveis totais, o amido mostrou maiores variações significativas, tanto no ramo como na raiz ao longo do período estudado. A recomposição no estoque de carboidratos de reserva nos ramos e nas raízes ocorreu durante o período de atividade fotossintética. / The decade of 90 was characterized by a great expansion in the Brazilian and world-wide market of fruits, in special in the autumn fruits, as persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). Although almost the totality of the national production of persimmon either destined to the domestic market, Brazil comes if consolidating in the last years as exporting country of this fruit for countries of the American and European continent. Therefore, persimmon crop comes if constituting in an important agricultural activity for small growers in Brazil. The knowledge of the phenology of persimmon tree and how their reserve in carbohydrate content varies in tropical climate is of great importance for the study of persimmon´s tree in these conditions. The lack of information of this nature for the persimmon cultivated in Brazil motivated the present study with the ‘ Rama Forte’ variety, the most cultivated and consumed in the country. The work was lead in an orchard located in the sector of horticulture, in the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), in Piracicaba, SP, during 2002/2003 growing cicle. The phenology of tree was characterized from budbreak to leaf fall, and carboydrate reserves in stems and roots was described for different times of plant material collected in the field, and argued based on phenological stages. The mixed buds had passed the stages of dormancy, budbreak, shoot elongation, bloom, fruition, leaf senescence and leaf fall successively. The curves of growth of the fruit had shown the double sigmoidal standard and growth of fruit diameter preceded that of fresh and dry weight. Calyx growth stabilized in the end of the last stage of fruit development. From budbreak, in the end of winter to the maturation of fruits, in the beginning of autumn was recorded 199 days. Only seedless fruits were produced. From flowering to fruit maturity 161 days was registered. Two peaks in the abortion of fruits had occurred. The first symptoms of leaf senescence had been registered from the last stage of fruit development, two months after the canopy have been concluded. From budbreak to the complete leaf fall 287 days was recorded during all the spring, summer and autumn growing seasons. Starch and total soluble sugars content fluctuated in roots and stems throughout (P&#8804;0,05) phenologycal stages of persimmons tree. Starch fluctuations showed to be more prone to significant variations in relation to the total soluble sugars in the stems as in the root. Two peaks of starch depletion was registered. The stem and root tissue started to accumulate starch during the net exporting photoassimilates by leaf photosynthesis. These results indicate that root and stem tissues play a role as a carbohydrate reserve pools to be mobilized for shoot elongation, flowering and for the maintenance of the tree during the lack of photosynthesis activity of persimmon tree.

A década de 90 foi caracterizada por uma grande expansão no mercado Brasileiro e mundial de frutas, em especial nas frutas de outono, como o caqui Diospyros kaki L.). Embora a quase totalidade da produção nacional de caqui seja destinada ao mercado interno, o Brasil vem se consolidando nos últimos anos como país exportador dessa fruta para países do continente americano e europeu. Por essa razão, o cultivo dessa fruteira vem se constituindo numa importante atividade agrícola para pequenos produtores no Brasil. O conhecimento da fenologia e de como varia o conteúdo em carboidratos de reserva do caquizeiro em clima tropical é de grande importância para o estudo do desenvolvimento dessa espécie nessas condições. A falta informações dessa natureza para o caquizeiro cultivado no Brasil motivou o presente estudo com a variedade Rama Forte, a mais cultivada e consumida no país. O trabalho conduzido em um pomar localizado na área experimental, setor de horticultura, da escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ) em Piracicaba – SP, no período 2002/2003. A fenologia foi caracterizada desde a brotação das gemas até a abscisão foliar. A variação dos teores de carboidratos de reserva em ramos e em raízes é descrita tendo por base os diferentes períodos de coleta de material no campo, e discutidos em função dos estádios fenológicos da planta e das estações do ano. As plantas estudadas passaram pelos estádios de dormência, brotação, elongação, florescimento, frutificação, senescência e abscisão foliar. As curvas de crescimento do fruto exibiram o padrão sigmoidal duplo, sendo que o crescimento em diâmetro se antecipou em relação ao acúmulo de massa. O crescimento do cálice se estabilizou ao final do último estágio de desenvolvimento dos frutos. Da brotação das gemas no final do inverno até a maturação dos frutos no início do outono passaram-se 199 dias. Após o florescimento foram produzidos apenas frutos sem sementes, com duração de 161 dias até a sua maturação. Ocorreram dois picos no abortamento de frutos. Os primeiros sintomas de senescência das folhas foram registrados a partir do último estágio de desenvolvimento dos frutos, dois meses e meio após a formação da copa ter sido concluída. Da brotação das gemas até o completo desfolhamento somaram-se 287 dias no decorrer de toda a primavera, verão e outono. A análise dos teores dos carboidratos de reserva mostrou que ocorreram variações significativas (P &#8804;0,05) no teor de amido e de açúcares solúveis totais nos órgãos amostrados. O amido se constitui numa importante fonte de material de reserva a ser mobilizada durante o ciclo do caquizeiro. Em relação aos açúcares solúveis totais, o amido mostrou maiores variações significativas, tanto no ramo como na raiz ao longo do período estudado. A recomposição no estoque de carboidratos de reserva nos ramos e nas raízes ocorreu durante o período de atividade fotossintética. / The decade of 90 was characterized by a great expansion in the Brazilian and world-wide market of fruits, in special in the autumn fruits, as persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.). Although almost the totality of the national production of persimmon either destined to the domestic market, Brazil comes if consolidating in the last years as exporting country of this fruit for countries of the American and European continent. Therefore, persimmon crop comes if constituting in an important agricultural activity for small growers in Brazil. The knowledge of the phenology of persimmon tree and how their reserve in carbohydrate content varies in tropical climate is of great importance for the study of persimmon´s tree in these conditions. The lack of information of this nature for the persimmon cultivated in Brazil motivated the present study with the ‘ Rama Forte’ variety, the most cultivated and consumed in the country. The work was lead in an orchard located in the sector of horticulture, in the Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), in Piracicaba, SP, during 2002/2003 growing cicle. The phenology of tree was characterized from budbreak to leaf fall, and carboydrate reserves in stems and roots was described for different times of plant material collected in the field, and argued based on phenological stages. The mixed buds had passed the stages of dormancy, budbreak, shoot elongation, bloom, fruition, leaf senescence and leaf fall successively. The curves of growth of the fruit had shown the double sigmoidal standard and growth of fruit diameter preceded that of fresh and dry weight. Calyx growth stabilized in the end of the last stage of fruit development. From budbreak, in the end of winter to the maturation of fruits, in the beginning of autumn was recorded 199 days. Only seedless fruits were produced. From flowering to fruit maturity 161 days was registered. Two peaks in the abortion of fruits had occurred. The first symptoms of leaf senescence had been registered from the last stage of fruit development, two months after the canopy have been concluded. From budbreak to the complete leaf fall 287 days was recorded during all the spring, summer and autumn growing seasons. Starch and total soluble sugars content fluctuated in roots and stems throughout (P&#8804;0,05) phenologycal stages of persimmons tree. Starch fluctuations showed to be more prone to significant variations in relation to the total soluble sugars in the stems as in the root. Two peaks of starch depletion was registered. The stem and root tissue started to accumulate starch during the net exporting photoassimilates by leaf photosynthesis. These results indicate that root and stem tissues play a role as a carbohydrate reserve pools to be mobilized for shoot elongation, flowering and for the maintenance of the tree during the lack of photosynthesis activity of persimmon tree.