<p>Wireless sensors networks are used in a variety of environments ranging from environment</p><p>monitoring such as humidity and temperature, to environments like patient monitoring, habitat</p><p>monitoring etc. Sometimes sensors are deployed in inaccessible or hazardous places, and they</p><p>are battery operated; recharging or changing the sensor’s battery is almost impossible.</p><p>In such scenarios, where the battery can not be recharged or changed, it is crucial to know in</p><p>advance how long the battery will last so that the old sensor node can be replaced by a new</p><p>one. Normally, in order to effectively utilize the battery the components of a wireless sensor</p><p>node are turned off when not needed.</p><p>This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the importance of switching sensor node</p><p>components, and its impact on the life time prediction. A new energy model is presented</p><p>which caters for the current and time consumed in switching from one mode to another. A</p><p>comparison is made between scenarios where current consumption while switching is catered</p><p>with the one where it is not catered. This was achieved by using on chip fuel gauge, with</p><p>some limitation, which was verified by using digital multimeter.</p>

Wireless sensors networks are used in a variety of environments ranging from environment monitoring such as humidity and temperature, to environments like patient monitoring, habitat monitoring etc. Sometimes sensors are deployed in inaccessible or hazardous places, and they are battery operated; recharging or changing the sensor’s battery is almost impossible. In such scenarios, where the battery can not be recharged or changed, it is crucial to know in advance how long the battery will last so that the old sensor node can be replaced by a new one. Normally, in order to effectively utilize the battery the components of a wireless sensor node are turned off when not needed. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the importance of switching sensor node components, and its impact on the life time prediction. A new energy model is presented which caters for the current and time consumed in switching from one mode to another. A comparison is made between scenarios where current consumption while switching is catered with the one where it is not catered. This was achieved by using on chip fuel gauge, with some limitation, which was verified by using digital multimeter.

Abstract The main objective of this thesis project is to implement a wireless vital signs monitoring system for measuring the ECG of a patient in the home environment. The research focuses on two specific research objectives: 1) the development of a distributed healthcare system for vital signs monitoring using wireless sensor network devices and 2) a practical test and performance evaluation for the reliability for such low-rate wireless technology in ubiquitous health monitoring applications. The first section of the thesis describes the design and implementation of a ubiquitous healthcare system constructed from tiny components for the home healthcare of elderly persons. The system comprises a smart shirt with ECG electrodes and acceleration sensors, a wireless sensor network node, a base station and a server computer for the continuous monitoring of ECG signals. ECG data is a commonly used vital sign in clinical and trauma care. The ECG data is displayed on a graphical user interface (GUI) by transferring it to a PDA or a terminal PC. The smart shirt is a wearable T-shirt designed to collect ECG and acceleration signals from the human body in the course of daily life. In the second section, a performance evaluation of the reliability of IEEE 802.15.4 low-rate wireless ubiquitous health monitoring is presented. Three scenarios of performance studies are applied through practical tests: 1) the effects of the distance between sensor nodes and base-station, 2) the deployment of the number of sensor nodes in a network and 3) data transmission using different time intervals. These factors were measured to analyse the reliability of the developed technology in low-rate wireless ubiquitous health monitoring applications. The results showed how the relationship between the bit-error-rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was affected when varying the distance between sensor node and base-station, through the deployment of the number of sensor nodes in a network and through data transmission using different time intervals.

With the increasing use of electronic devices, the need for affordable wireless services specifically context-aware services, in a so-called Personal Area Network (PAN) is becoming an area with significant potential. Service discovery is a basic function. Even though a number of service discovery protocols have been implemented, a specific protocol for a PAN environment may need to be developed, as the characteristics of a PANs differ from other networking environments. Thus, the specific requirements for service discovery from a PAN perspective were studied. Methods for service discovery will be described that take into account both local and remote services. These methods will then be evaluated in a SIP telephony infrastructure to decide where a call should be delivered. The location of a person is done by using the implemented service discovery. / Med en ökad användning av elektroniska enheter blir behovet av trådlösa tjänster, speciellt context-medvetna tjänster i så kallade Personal Area Network (PAN), ett område med betydlig potential. Service Discovery är en grundläggande funktion. Även om flera service discovery protocols har implementerats finns det behov av ett specifikt protokoll för PAN-miljöer då egenskaperna hos ett PAN skiljer sig från andra nätverksmiljöer. Således studerades de specifika krav för service discovery från ett PAN perspektiv. Metoder för service discovery kommer att ta med i beräkningen båda lokala och avlägna tjänster. Dessa metoder utvärderas i en SIP telephony infrastructure för att avgöra var en påringning ska levereras. Lokalisering av en användare sker genom det implementerade service discovery-protokollet.

No description available.

In an IEEE802.15.4 beacon-enabled wireless personal area network (WPAN), the PAN coordinator can allocate slots using contention free-GTSs (guaranteed the time slots) for admitted devices. However, due to fixed slot size, the bandwidth waste problem may arise. Hence, reference [6] proposed the multi-beacon superframe structure (MBS) to overcome this problem. However, in [6], the structure of sub-beacon intervals in a superframe is non-adaptive. Therefore, this thesis proposes an enhanced multi-beacon superframe structure (EMBS). In EMBS, a PAN coordinator employs the greedy SBI-allocation algorithm to adjust a superframe structure according to the traffic demand of admitted devices such that a superframe can consist of a number of different types of sub-beacon intervals (SBIs). Simulation results reveal that a WPAN using EMBS can attain higher bandwidth utilization than a WPAN using 802.15.4 or MBS.

In this thesis I present my analysis on various aspects of Bluetooth wireless technology. The Bluetooth technology is relatively new as compared to other technologies and there is huge potential of its growth and practical application. Therefore during in this thesis I try to analysis the current status of this technology and issue which are related to this technology. The first section introduces Bluetooth technology, in which I discussed the architecture of Bluetooth and different terminologies of Bluetooth. In the same section I presented the comparison of Bluetooth with other communication technologies. The main questions I hope to answer in this thesis and also discuss the methodology I employed. The subsequent sections discuss the core technical features and issues of security and interoperability of Bluetooth. In these sections I identify the key aspects of Bluetooth that make it standout from other wireless technologies and point out certain shortcomings of this technology. During this I went through different aspect of Bluetooth technology. Subsequently I present my analysis of the market player’s and user’s perspectives and identify the main drivers and barriers of Bluetooth from a business point of view. Towards the end of this thesis I discuss how this technology can be used to provide some attractive solutions. I demonstrate my ideas by discussing how certain services can be used in future in different scenarios. In my proposed solution I discussed the possibilities and advantages of using Bluetooth technology in university campus to perform different routine tasks and this will beneficial for the university both student and teachers. Keywords: Personal Area Networks, Asynchronous connection Link, Ultra Wide Band, Special Interest group, Bluetooth Technology / Malik Zaka Ullah Phone # 0092 301 8460404,0046738746534 Email : malikzakas@hotmail.com

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has been realised with the advent of Machineto-Machine (M2M) communication through which the vision of future Internet has been revolutionised. IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) provides feasible IPv6 connectivity to previously isolated environments, e.g. wireless M2M sensors and actuator networks. This thesis's contributions include a novel mathematical model, energy-efficient algorithms, and a centralised software controller for dynamic consolidation of programmability features in cloud-based M2M networks. A new generalised joint mathematical model has been proposed for performance analysis of the 6LoWPAN MAC and PHY layers. The proposed model differs from existing analytical models as it precisely adopts the 6LoWPAN specifications introduced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group. The proposed approach is based on Markov chain modelling and validated through Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, an intelligent mechanism has been proposed for optimal 6LoWPAN MAC layer parameters set selection. The proposed mechanism depends on Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particles Swarm Optimisation (PSO). Simulation results show that utilising the optimal MAC parameters improve the 6LoWPAN network throughput by 52-63% and reduce end-to-end delay by 54-65%. This thesis focuses on energy-efficient data extraction and dissemination in a wireless M2M sensor network based on 6LoWPAN. A new scalable and self-organised clustering technique with a smart sleep scheduler has been proposed for prolonging M2M network's lifetime and enhancing network connectivity. These solutions succeed in overcoming performance degradation and unbalanced energy consumption problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks. Simulation results show that by adopting the proposed schemes in multiple mobile sink sensory field will improve the total aggregated packets by 38-167% and extend network lifetime by 30-78%. Proof-of-concept real-time hardware testbed experiments are used to verify the effectiveness of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and cloud computing on a 6LoWPAN network. The implemented testbed is based on open standards development boards (i.e. Arduino), with one sink, which is the M2M 6LoWPAN gateway, where the network coordinator and the customised SDN controller operated. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach reduces network discovery time by 60% and extends the node lifetime by 65% in comparison with the traditional 6LoWPAN network. Finally, the thesis is concluded with an overall picture of the research conducted and some suggestions for future work.

In the future world of ubiquitous computing, wireless devices will be everywhere. Personal area networks (PANs), networks that facilitate communications between devices within a short range, will be used to send and receive data and commands that fulfill an individual’s needs. This research determines the future prospects of PANs by examining success criteria, application areas and barrierschallenges. An initial set of issues in each of these three areas is identified from the literature. The Delphi Method is used to determine what experts believe what are the most important success criteria, application areas and barrierschallenges. Critical success factors that will determine the future of personal area networks include reliability of connections, interoperability, and usability. Key application areas include monitoring, healthcare, and smart things. Important barriers and challenges facing the deployment of PAN are security, interference and coexistence, and regulation and standards.

IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard designed for low data rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs) intended to provide connectivity to mobile devices. Such devices present considerable storage, energy, and communication constraints. However, they can be used in a variety of applications like home/office automation, environmental control and more. In order to extend the lifetime of the WPAN, we propose some changes to the standard including modifications to the Superframe Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) distribution which can be optimized to reduce energy consumption. We implemented the proposed improvements to the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol using real sensor nodes. Specifically, we conducted an energy study of the proposed acknowledgment-based GTS descriptor distribution scheme and compared the results with the standard implementation. Experiments show that the proposed changes reduce energy consumption up to nearly 50% when 7 devices allocate guaranteed time slots descriptors during normal communication.