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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Din?mica da Plasticidade Sin?ptica em neur?nios do hipocampo durante ciclos de sono: um estudo computacional

Figuerola, Wilfredo Blanco 26 March 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WilfredoBF_TESE.pdf: 4144764 bytes, checksum: ae0670814eb6793d7e5af7d0973a9f65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Several research lines show that sleep favors memory consolidation and learning. It has been proposed that the cognitive role of sleep is derived from a global scaling of synaptic weights, able to homeostatically restore the ability to learn new things, erasing memories overnight. This phenomenon is typical of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and characterized by non-Hebbian mechanisms, i.e., mechanisms independent of synchronous neuronal activity. Another view holds that sleep also triggers the specific enhancement of synaptic connections, carrying out the embossing of certain mnemonic traces within a lattice of synaptic weights rescaled each night. Such an embossing is understood as the combination of Hebbian and non-Hebbian mechanisms, capable of increasing and decreasing respectively the synaptic weights in complementary circuits, leading to selective memory improvement and a restructuring of synaptic configuration (SC) that can be crucial for the generation of new behaviors ( insights ). The empirical findings indicate that initiation of Hebbian plasticity during sleep occurs in the transition of the SWS to the stage of rapid eye movement (REM), possibly due to the significant differences between the firing rates regimes of the stages and the up-regulation of factors involved in longterm synaptic plasticity. In this study the theories of homeostasis and embossing were compared using an artificial neural network (ANN) fed with action potentials recorded in the hippocampus of rats during the sleep-wake cycle. In the simulation in which the ANN did not apply the long-term plasticity mechanisms during sleep (SWS-transition REM), the synaptic weights distribution was re-scaled inexorably, for its mean value proportional to the input firing rate, erasing the synaptic weights pattern that had been established initially. In contrast, when the long-term plasticity is modeled during the transition SWSREM, an increase of synaptic weights were observed in the range of initial/low values, redistributing effectively the weights in a way to reinforce a subset of synapses over time. The results suggest that a positive regulation coming from the long-term plasticity can completely change the role of sleep: its absence leads to forgetting; its presence leads to a positive mnemonic change / Diversas linhas de pesquisa demonstram que o sono favorece a consolida??o de mem?rias e o aprendizado. Tem sido proposto que o papel cognitivo do sono deriva de um redimensionamento global dos pesos sin?pticos, capaz de restabelecer homeostaticamente a capacidade de aprender coisas novas, apagando mem?rias durante a noite. Tal fen?meno seria t?pico do sono de ondas lentas ( slow wave sleep , SWS) e caracterizado por mecanismos n?o-Hebbianos, isto ?, independentes da atividade neuronal sincr?nica. Outra abordagem postula que o sono desencadeia tamb?m um realce de conex?es sin?pticas espec?ficas, levando a um entalhamento de certos tra?os mnem?nicos no ?mbito de uma matriz de pesos sin?pticos redimensionados a cada noite. Tal entalhamento ? entendido como a combina??o de mecanismos Hebbianos e n?o-Hebbianos, capazes respectivamente de aumentar e diminuir os pesos sin?pticos em circuitos complementares, levando ? melhoria seletiva de mem?rias e a uma reestrutura??o da configura??o sin?ptica ( synaptic configuration , SC) que pode ser crucial para a gera??o de novos comportamentos ( insights ). Os achados emp?ricos indicam que a indu??o de plasticidade Hebbiana durante o sono acontece na transi??o do SWS para o est?gio de movimento r?pido dos olhos ( rapid eye movement , REM), possivelmente devido ?s grandes diferen?as entre os regimes das taxas de disparos entre os estados e ? regula??o positiva de fatores envolvidos na plasticidade sin?ptica de longo prazo. Neste estudo, as teorias da homeostase e do entalhamento foram comparadas usando uma rede neural artificial ( artificial neural network , ANN) alimentada com potenciais de a??o registrados no hipocampo de ratos durante todo o ciclo sono-vig?lia. Na simula??o em que a ANN n?o aplicou mecanismos de plasticidade de longo prazo durante o sono (transi??o SWS-REM), a distribui??o pesos sin?pticos foram inexoravelmente re-escalada para uma media proporcional ? taxa de disparo das entradas, apagando eventualmente o padr?o de pesos sin?pticos inicialmente estabelecido. Em contraste, quando a plasticidade de longo prazo foi modelada durante a transi??o SWS-REM, o aumento dos pesos sin?pticos foi observado em toda a gama de valores iniciais, efetivamente redistribuindo os pesos de modo a refor?ar um subconjunto de sinapses ao longo do tempo. Os resultados sugerem que uma regula??o positiva proveniente da plasticidade de longo prazo pode alterar completamente o papel do sono: sua aus?ncia leva ao esquecimento, sua presen?a leva a uma mudan?a mnem?nica positiva

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