• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 115
  • 67
  • 35
  • 11
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 301
  • 301
  • 195
  • 91
  • 84
  • 78
  • 70
  • 55
  • 45
  • 42
  • 34
  • 33
  • 31
  • 28
  • 28
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Interactions among biological control, cultural control and barley resistance to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), in Colorado, Kansas and Nebraska

Sotelo-Cardona, Paola Andrea January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / C. Michael Smith / The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (RWA), is an important pest in the U.S. Western Plains, causing hundreds of millions of dollars of losses to wheat and barley production through reduced yields and insecticide application costs. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the performance of two RWA-resistant barley varieties planted approximately one month earlier than normal in experimental fields at Fort Collins, Colorado; Tribune, Kansas; and Sidney, Nebraska during 2007, 2008, and 2009. The experimental design was a split-plot design with two main plot treatments (early and normal planting dates), and four split plot treatments (barley varieties) that were randomized within each main treatment plot. The varieties included two RWA-barley resistant varieties, Sidney and Stoneham, and the susceptible variety, Otis, under thiamethoxam-protected and unprotected regimes. Sampling of RWA, other cereal aphids, and natural enemy populations was conducted on four dates from mid May through early July. RWA populations collected from early-planted plots (first week of March) were significantly lower than normal-planted plots in 2007-2009 at the Fort Collins, Colorado and Tribune, Kansas sites. In samples collected from early planting date plots, RWA-resistant varieties yielded RWA populations similar to those found on the insecticide-treated susceptible variety at both Fort Collins and Tribune. At the Sidney, Nebraska site, very low RWA populations were present and there were no differences between either planting date or varietal treatments. The combined effect of early planting and RWA-resistant varieties reduced RWA populations at the Fort Collins, Colorado site in all three years. Results were similar at the Tribune, Kansas site in 2007, but differences due to planting date or variety were not observed in 2008 or 2009. The lowest RWA populations occurred at the Sidney, Nebraska site, were independent of planting date and varietal treatments. The RWA-resistant barley varieties had no negative impact on populations of other cereal aphids compared to those found on the susceptible variety, Otis at any of the three research sites. The only treatment effective in reducing other cereal aphids was the insecticide, thiamethoxam. There was also no clear response of populations of other cereal aphids to different planting date. Neither the RWA-resistant barley varieties nor the systemic, short residual action insecticide treatment had adverse affects on the abundance of natural enemies.
162

Integrated pest management strategies for a terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, in no-till soybean production

Alfaress, Serine January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Entomology / Brian P. McCornack / Robert J. Whitworth / No-till management of soybean benefits producers by lowering input costs and retaining soil moisture, but may also provide optimal conditions for increasing populations of soil-inhabiting pests. For Kansas soybean, damaging populations of soil-inhabiting isopods (Malacostraca: Isopoda) have been observed in fields under no-tillage management. To control damage to soybean stands from feeding isopods, current management strategies need to be evaluated. The objectives of my research were to evaluate the effects of chemical and cultural control combinations (seed treatment and planting date, planting date and seed size, seed treatment and natural crop residue removal, and seeding rate and seed treatment) on soybean stand densities exposed to natural isopod populations, and to evaluate the effects of burning crop residue on isopod populations and emergence rates in soybean under no-tillage management. Field studies were conducted in consecutive years (2009 and 2010) in two separate soybean fields within each year. All fields were under no-till management and had a history of damaging isopod populations. In the second chapter, we demonstrated that seed treatment with an insecticide is not a reliable strategy. Doubling normal seeding rates can potentially reduce the number of trips a grower makes across a field (single, high-density versus multiple, low-density plantings). In doing so, growers may save time and money (e.g., fuel). A high seeding rate (563,380/ha), along with a low rate (50 g a.i. / 100 kg seed) of neonicotinoid seed treatment, appears to improve soybean stands (P < 0.05). No other combinations of control methods appeared to affect stand density. In the third chapter, we show burning to be an effective strategy to directly influence isopod populations but its overall effect on soybean stands needs further investigation.
163

Analyse et modélisation des effets des pratiques culturales sur les épidémies de mildiou de la pomme de terre. Adaptation du modèle SIPPOM (Simulator for Integrated Pathogen POpulation Management) au pathosystème / Analysis and modelling of the effects of cropping practices on epidemics of potato late blight. Adaptation of the model SIPPOM (Simulator for Integrated Pathogen POpulation Management) to the pathosystem

Rakotonindraina, Toky Fanambinana 14 December 2012 (has links)
Le mildiou de la pomme de terre, causé par l'agent pathogène Phytophthora infestans est l'une des maladies les plus préjudiciables de la culture. Jusqu'à présent, la lutte chimique reste le moyen de contrôle le plus utilisé pour la maîtriser, classant la pomme de terre au premier rang en termes d'Indices de Fréquence de Traitement en grande culture. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de variétés résistantes, comportant notamment des gènes de résistances spécifiques, a également démontré son efficacité pour limiter les dégâts engendrés par cette maladie. Mais leur efficacité est peu durable avec une durée moyenne de 4 ans avant l'apparition du phénomène de contournement par les isolats plus virulents. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des stratégies de contrôle de la maladie en combinant un ensemble d'approches génétiques, culturales, physiques, et chimiques afin de satisfaire au mieux les objectifs agronomiques, environnementaux et socio-économiques. Un modèle, nommé SIPPOM (Simulator for Integrated Pathogen POpulation Management), avait été développé dans le cas de la gestion durable du phoma du colza. Le présent travail a consisté à adapter la structure générique de SIPPOM au cas de la gestion intégrée du mildiou de la pomme de terre en développant des modules spécifiques à partir de modèles préexistants ou développés spécifiquement. Un modèle de culture (Spudgro), un modèle épidémiologique (Guntz-Divoux / Milsol), un modèle de nuisibilité (modèle de Shtienberg) et une fonction de dispersion (modèle de Scherm) ont été identifiés dans la littérature, adaptés et intégrés dans la structure générique de SIPPOM. Cet ensemble de modules a donné lieu à la réalisation du premier prototype opérationnel de la version informatisée de SIPPOM-de-terre sur la plate-forme de modélisation RECORD. Un nouveau modèle, appelé VOLPONE, a été développé pour représenter les dynamiques de repousses de pomme de terre dans une parcelle et sur un tas de déchets. Ce modèle permet de représenter les sources d'inoculum primaire à l'échelle du territoire sous l'influence du climat et des pratiques agricoles. La qualité prédictive du modèle de nuisibilité a été estimée à partir d'un jeu de données expérimentales générées au cours du travail de thèse et s'est montrée correcte. Des exemples de résultats issus de simulations réalisées à l'aide du premier prototype montrent la capacité du modèle, en fonction d'une combinaison de pratiques culturales et de conditions climatiques variables, à prédire la dynamique épidémique de la maladie, ainsi que les dégâts et dommages associés à l'échelle de la parcelle ou sur un parcellaire simple. Néanmoins, d'autres tâches restent à accomplir afin de disposer d'une version achevée de SIPPOM-de-terre sur la plate-forme RECORD. Le travail réalisé illustre la généricité du modèle d'origine SIPPOM et contribue à la production de connaissances et de références permettant l'optimisation d'outils existants tels Mileos®. Les avancées réalisées pourront contribuer à la conception de stratégies de gestion intégrée, collectives et durables pour cette maladie. / Potato late blight caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans is one of the most dreaded diseases to this culture. So far, chemical control is the most widespread method used against the pathogen. In turn, the amount of fungicides used to control this disease makes potato the crop with the highest Treatment Frequency Index of all arable crops. The use of resistant varieties, including specific resistance genes, has also demonstrated an effective limitation of injuries that this disease can cause. Still, specific resistances lack durability as there is an average span of 4 years before the emergence of a resistance breakdown phenomenon by more virulent strains. It is therefore necessary to develop control strategies that combine a set of methods (genetic, cultural, physical and chemical) to meet agronomic, environmental and socio-economic criteria. A model named SIPPOM (Simulator for Integrated Pathogen POpulation Management), was developed to address these issues for the control of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape. The present work consisted in adapting the generic structure of SIPPOM for the integrated control of potato late blight by designing specific sub-models using existing models or specifically developed models. A crop model (Spudgro), an epidemiologic model (Guntz-Divoux/Milsol), a damage model (Shtienberg's model) and a dispersal function (Scherm's model) were selected in the literature, adapted, and embedded in SIPPOM's generic structure. This set of sub-models led to an operational prototype of SIPPOM-de-terre under the RECORD modelling platform. A new model, named VOLPONE, was designed to simulate potato volunteer dynamics in a field or on a waste pile. This model permits to simulate inoculum sources at the territory scale under the influence of climate and cropping practices. The predictive quality of the damage model was assessed with data generated in specific field experimentations and proved to be good. Simulation examples produced with the first prototype of SIPPOM-de-terre illustrate the capacity of the model to represent epidemiological dynamics at the field scale or at a small regional scale under the influence of cropping practices and climate. However, further work is required before to totally achieve the design and the implementation of SIPPOM-de-terre under the modelling platform RECORD. The conducted study illustrates the genericity of the model SIPPOM and produced knowledge, references and tools for the integrated management of the disease. The outputs of this work will help design integrated, collective and durable control strategies of potato late blight.
164

Integrated pest management of noctuids in Kansas sorghum: a bioeconomic approach to agricultural pest management

Soper, Alysha Marie January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Entomology / Brian McCornack / Several lepidopteran species infest developing panicles. Larval identification is challenging and time intensive, so current recommendations are often simplified by treating all larvae equally across species. Consequently, the yield-loss model developed for corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) by Buckley and Burkhardt (1962) has been the foundation for management recommendations in modern sorghum Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for the last 49 years. Additionally, although pest populations primarily include both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and corn earworm, only a single species damage estimate is used in economic threshold (ET) and economic injury level (EIL) calculations despite multi-species infestations. This research demonstrates both the validation of current management recommendations for corn earworm and the verification of previously assumed damage potentials for fall armyworm feeding in developing sorghum panicles. These results have important implications for sorghum producers faced with making a management decision for multi-species infestations.
165

Diversidade de crisopídeos (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) em sistemas de manejo de pragas dos citros, suscetibilidade a inseticidas e predação de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) / Diversity of lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in citrus pest management systems, susceptibility to insecticides and predation of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Rugno, Gabriel Rodrigo 02 April 2019 (has links)
Os crisopídeos (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) são predadores de pragas agrícola e importantes agentes de controle biológico de pragas da citricultura na América por ocorrerem naturalmente nos pomares. Utilizar as principais espécies como agente de controle da praga-chave, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), é um passo importante para reduzir a dependência dos inseticidas. O objetivo com esse trabalho foi: 1) estudar a diversidade de espécies de crisopídeos no sistema de manejo orgânico e convencional de pragas dos citros; 2) a suscetibilidade de suas populações aos principais inseticidas; 3) a toxicidade desses princípios ativos em diferentes formas de exposição e o efeito repelente; 4) estudar o desenvolvimento da espécie de crisopídeo mais abundante nos pomares de citros no Brasil e nos EUA alimentando-se exclusivamente de D. citri; 5) e a predação de D. citri pelos crisopídeos em condições laboratório e campo. Não houve diferença significativa na abundância e diversidade de crisopídeos entre o sistema de manejo orgânico e convencional. Mais de 60% dos indivíduos coletados nos pomares do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Essa espécie também foi a mais tolerante aos inseticidas clorpirifós, imidacloprido e bifentrina, enquanto que, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) foi a mais sensível. Para Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), espécie presente no Brasil e predominante nos pomares na Flórida, EUA, dimeotato foi mais nocivo na exposição residual ou residual + ingestão. Fenpropatrina foi mais letal na exposição residual + ingestão, em contrapartida, nessa forma de exposição, imidacloprido teve baixa toxicidade ao predador e foi inócuo nas exposições residual e ingestão. Fenpropatrina também teve efeito repelente sobre C. cubana. Esse predador desenvolveu-se alimentando de D. citri, sendo que, as larvas de primeiro ínstar predaram em média 15 ninfas em 24 h e no campo (pomar na Flórida, EUA) reduziu a população da praga. Esses resultados indicam o potencial dos crisopídeos para serem utilizados em programas de manejo integrado. / Lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) are predators of agricultural pests and important for citrus orchards in America because they occur naturally in orchards. Using the main species as a key-pest control agent, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is an important step in reducing dependence on chemical control. The objective with this thesis was to study: 1) the diversity of lacewing species in the organic and conventional management system of citrus pests; 2) the susceptibility of their populations to the main insecticides; 3) the toxicity of these active principles in different forms of exposure; 4) the development of the most abundant lacewing species in citrus orchards in Brazil and the USA, feeding exclusively on D. citri; 5) the predatory capacity and pest control under field conditions. There was no significant difference in the abundance and diversity of lacewings between the organic and conventional management system. More than 60% of the individuals collected in the orchards of the state of São Paulo, Brazil was Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). This species was also the most tolerant to the chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and bifenthrin insecticides, whereas, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) was the most sensitive. Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), species present in Brazil and predominant in orchards in Florida, USA, presented greater sensitivity to dimethoate residue and dimethoate or fenpropathrin residual + ingestion, whereas imidacloprid presented low toxicity to the predator and was harmless in residual and ingestion exposures. Fenpropathrin also had a repellent effect on C. cubana. This predator developed feeding of D. citri and the first instar larvae preyed on average 15 nymphs in 24 h and in the field controlled the population of the pest. These results show the potential of lacewings to be used in integrated pest management programs.
166

Análise econômica do impacto do manejo integrado de pragas sobre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar no estado de São Paulo / Economic analysis of the integrated pest management impact on sugarcane productivity in the state of São Paulo

Giachini, Gustavo Ferrarezi 10 February 2017 (has links)
Um dos principais desafios da agricultura, e mais especificamente da produção de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, visando garantir o abastecimento do mercado doméstico e a competitividade nos mercados internacionais, é manter níveis elevados de produtividade. Embora tenha ocorrido um avanço significativo nas técnicas de produção nas últimas décadas, a produtividade desta lavoura se encontra, conforme alguns estudos disponíveis na literatura, aquém do seu nível potencial. Uma das alternativas para contribuir com o aumento da produtividade é a utilização de novas técnicas, como o Manejo Integrado de Pragas, por exemplo. Os trabalhos que avaliaram recentemente a produtividade do setor sugerem que há ganhos para os adotantes dessa técnica. Para o estado de São Paulo, porém, existem poucos estudos empíricos de avaliação de impacto no setor sucroalcooleiro. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar como a adoção de tecnologia, no caso o manejo integrado de pragas, pode impactar na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar nas Unidades de Produção Agropecuária (UPA) do estado de São Paulo, que constam no Levantamento Censitário de Unidades de Produção Agropecuárias (Projeto LUPA), do Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Para isto, utilizou-se o método de Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para medir o impacto da adoção tecnológica na produtividade. As estimativas mostraram efeitos positivos e significativos, indicando que o manejo integrado de pragas pode aumentar de 2,9 ton/ha a 4,4 ton/ha, aproximadamente, a produtividade da cana de açúcar. Os resultados indicam, também, que há maiores chances de adotar o manejo integrado de pragas osprodutores que apresentaram maiores níveis de instrução, os adeptos de técnicas de análise de solo, de adubação, mudas fiscalizadas entre outros. / One of the main challenges of agriculture, and more specifically of the production of sugarcane in Brazil, in order to guarantee domestic supply and competitiveness on the international markets, is to maintain high levels of productivity. Although there has been a significant advance in terms of production techniques in recent decades, the sugarcane yield, according to some studies in the literature, below its potential level. One of the alternatives to contribute to the productivity increase is the use of new techniques, such as Integrated Pest Management, for example. Papers that recently evaluated the agricultural productivity suggest that there are gains for the adopters of this technique. For the state of São Paulo, however, there are few empirical studies of impact assessment in the sugar and alcohol sector. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate how the adoption of technology, in the specific case of the integrated pest management, can impact sugarcane\'s productivity in the Agricultural Production Units (UPA) of the State of São Paulo, which were in the Census Survey Of Agricultural Production Units (LUPA Project), published by the Institute of Agricultural Economics (IEA). For this purpose, the Propensity Score Matching method was implemented to measure the impact of technological adoption on productivity. Results suggested positive and significant effects, indicationg the Integrated Pest Management increases, approximately, the sugarcane productivity between 2,9 ton/ha to 4,4 ton/ha, according the empirical model specification. The analysis also highlighted a greater chance to adopt the integrated pest management by producers with highest levels of education, and the adopters of techniques of soil analysis, fertilization, and supervised seedlings.
167

Bases para o manejo da resistência de Bonagota salubricola e Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a inseticidas em pomares de macieira e pessegueiro / Bases for resistance management of Bonagota salubricola and Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to insecticides in apple and peach orchards

Silva, Oscar Arnaldo Batista Neto e 22 May 2013 (has links)
A lagarta-enroladeira Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick, 1937) e a mariposa oriental Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) são duas das mais importantes pragas de frutíferas de clima temperado no Brasil. O manejo destes insetos-praga tem sido realizado quase que exclusivamente com inseticidas. Para a implementação de estratégias de manejo pró-ativo de resistência, é importante conhecer o estado atual de suscetibilidade destas espécies a inseticidas para detectar a resistência antes que se observem falhas no controle. Nas condições brasileiras, em regiões onde estes pomares são plantados próximos em algumas regiões, acredita-se que G. molesta disperse para a cultura da maçã após a colheita do pêssego, dependendo da proximidade espacial e temporal dos pomares. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivos, caracterizar a suscetibilidade de B. salubricola e G. molesta aos principais inseticidas recomendados para o controle e avaliar a estrutura genética de populações de G. molesta provenientes das culturas da macieira e pessegueiro no Brasil. A caracterização da suscetibilidade foi realizada com bioensaio de ingestão com tratamento superficial da dieta com inseticidas, utilizando-se lagartas neonatas provenientes de populações de B. salubricola coletadas em macieira no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (safra 2011/12) e de G. molesta provenientes de pomares do Rio Grande do Sul (2010/11 e 2011/12), Santa Catarina (2010/11) e São Paulo (2010/11 e 2011/12). Não foram observadas diferenças na suscetibilidade de populações de campo de B. salubricola em relação à população suscetível de referência aos inseticidas chlorantraniliprole, phosmet, spinetoram, spinosad e tebufenozide, assim como não foram detectadas diferenças na suscetibilidade de populações de G. molesta a chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone, novaluron, pyriproxyfen e spinetoram. Entretanto, foram verificadas diferenças significativas na sobrevivência de populações de B. salubricola ao novaluron (3,3% de sobrevivência) e de G. molesta aos inseticidas phosmet e tebufenozide, com 2,5 e 4,5% de sobrevivência, respectivamente. Portanto, a frequência de resistência de B. salubricola e G. molesta ainda é baixa aos inseticidas avaliados. Com base nos marcadores mitocondriais e microssatélites foi possível detectar estruturação genética significativa entre as populações de G. molesta que infestam as culturas da macieira e pessegueiro, com indicação de estruturação em função de hospedeiros (?ST = 0,198; P < 0,05) e da distância geográfica (r=0,545; valor de p<0,001). Em geral, a variabilidade genética de G. molesta foi bem distribuída nas regiões produtoras de maçã e pêssego e as barreiras geográficas, as condições edafoclimáticas e o manejo da praga parecem estar limitando o acasalamento entre os indivíduos das populações distintas avaliadas. Portanto, devido ao baixo fluxo gênico entre as populações de G. molesta, as estratégias de manejo da resistência podem ser implementadas no âmbito local para essa praga. / The apple leafroller Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick, 1937) and Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) are two of the most important pests of temperate fruit trees in Brazil. Management of these both insect pest has been conducted almost exclusively with insecticides. For the implementation of proactive resistance management strategies, it is important to know the current status of pest susceptibility to insecticides to detect the resistance before control failures with the use of insecticides. In Brazilian conditions, where apple and peach orchards are very often planted close in some regions, it is believed that G. molesta may disperse to apple orchards after harvesting peaches, depending on the spatial and temporal proximity of orchards. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize the susceptibility of B. salubricola and G. molesta to the main insecticides recommended for their control and to evaluate the genetic structure of G. molesta populations from the apple and peach orchards in Brazil. B. salubricola populations were collected in apple orchards in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (2011/12 growing season) and G. molesta populations from orchards in Rio Grande do Sul (2010/11 and 2011/12), Santa Catarina (2010/11) and São Paulo (2010/11 and 2011/12). There were no differences in the susceptibility among field populations of B. salubricola in compared to the susceptible reference population to the insecticides chlorantraniliprole, phosmet, spinetoram, spinosad and tebufenozide and among G. molesta populations to chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone, pyriproxyfen and spinetoram. However, there were significant differences in survival of B. salubricola populations to novaluron (3.3% survival) and G. molesta populations to insecticides phosmet and tebufenozide, with 2.5 and 4.5% survival, respectively. Therefore, the frequency of resistance of B. salubricola and G. molesta is still low to insecticides evaluated herein. Based on mitochondrial and microsatellites markers, significant genetic structure among G. molesta populations was detected based on the host plant (?ST = 0,198; P < 0,05) and the geographic distance (r=0,545; valor de p<0,001). In general, the genetic variability of G. molesta is well distributed in the producing regions of apple and peach and the geographic barriers, soil and climatic conditions and pest management can be limiting the mating among individuals from distinct populations evaluated in this study. Therefore, due to low gene flow among G. molesta populations in Brazil, resistance management strategies can be implemented at local level.
168

Manejo de Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) em plantas ornamentais / Management of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on ornamental plants

Bellini, Marcos Roberto 05 September 2008 (has links)
O cultivo de flores iniciou-se no Brasil como atividade econômica em maior escala a partir de 1960. Atualmente, cerca de 5.000 produtores dedicam-se à floricultura em todo país. O setor gera um faturamento estimado em U$ 400 milhões/ano. No varejo, o faturamento é estimado em U$ 1,3 bilhões/ano. Acredita-se que a floricultura brasileira gera atualmente entre 120 a 160 mil empregos, caso seja considerada toda a cadeia produtiva que envolve o campo, a distribuição, o comércio varejista e os segmentos de apoio. O ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch, é uma das principais pragas em plantas ornamentais, com destaque para o cultivo de gérberas e roseiras. O uso excessivo de acaricidas para o controle desta praga tem trazido sérios problemas ao ambiente e à saúde humana. Diversos trabalhos têm mostrado o potencial dos ácaros predadores da família Phytoseiidae para o controle de T. urticae. Alguns parecem ser promissores no controle daquela praga, sendo Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) um deles. No Brasil, não há nenhuma informação sobre o potencial deste predador em cultivos comerciais de gérberas e roseiras. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi: estabelecer estratégias de manejo de T. urticae em cultivos de gérberas e roseiras; estabelecer um sistema de criação massal de N. californicus; determinar o ciclo de vida de duas espécies de ácaros predadores que pudessem ser eventualmente utilizadas em futuros estudos ou estratégias de manejo de pragas daquelas culturas. Uma metodologia para estimar a densidade populacional de T. urticae sobre Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC foi determinada (para sistemas de criação massal de ácaros predadores) através da contagem de T. urticae em 3 regiões de 1 cm2 cada (base, meio e ápice). A maior precisão na determinação do número total de ácaros na folha foi obtida através da estimativa dos ácaros na região basal e do somatório das 3 regiões [coeficiente de determinação (r2) = 0, 63 e 0,85, respectivamente]. O sistema de produção massal de N. californicus mostrou-se satisfatório. A partir de uma estrutura simples e com um custo relativamente baixo foi possível produzir até 300.000 ácaros predadores a cada 15 dias nos períodos mais quentes do ano. Em relação às tabelas de vida dos predadores estudados, Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma) e Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes não completaram o desenvolvimento quando alimentados com Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead). Os valores de rm de P. cannaensis foram -0,05, -0,09 e 0,002 alimentado com Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), T. urticae e pólen de Typha angustifolia L, respectivamente. Os valores de rm de N. barkeri foram -0,03, 0,139 e 0,141, alimentado com B. phoenicis, T. urticae e pólen, respectivamente. N. barkeri parece ter potencial no controle de ácaros Tetranychidae, embora situações de campo devam ser testadas. Em relação às liberações de N. californicus em cultivos de gérberas e roseiras, os resultados foram altamente satisfatórios. Além de menor impacto ambiental, a utilização deste predador associada às aplicações de acaricidas seletivos mostrou-se uma alternativa eficiente e economicamente viável no controle de T. urticae. / Flower growing on a large scale as an economic activity in Brazil started in 1960. Currently, approximately 5.000 farmers practice floriculture in the whole country. The sector generates an estimated income of U$ 400,000/year. Retail income is estimated at US$ 1.3 billions/year. It is currently believed that Brazilian flower industry generates between 120 and 160 thousand employment opportunities if all the productive chains are considered which involve field work, distribution, retail sales and support segments. The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the principal pests of ornamental plants and prominently attacking gerberas and roses. The excessive use of acaricides for the control of this pest poses serious problems on the environment and human health. Several studies have demonstrated the potential of predatory mites from the family Phytoseiidae in the control of T. urticae. Some of these predators seem to be promising for the control of this pest among them Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor). In Brazil, information about the potential of this predator in commercial crops of gerberas and roses is lacking. The objective of the current work was: establish management strategies of T. urticae in gerbera and rose flowers; establish a mass rearing system for N. californicus; determine the life cycle of the two predatory mite species that could be used in future studies or management strategies for pests on these crops. A method for estimating population density of T. urticae on Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC was determined (for mass rearing system of predatory mites) through counting of T. urticae in 3 regions of 1 cm2 each (bottom, middle and apex). The highest precision in the determination of the total number of mites on leaves was obtained through mite estimates at the basal region and the summations of the 3 regions [coefficient of determination (r2) = 0. 63 and 0.85, respectively]. The mass production system of N. californicus was shown to be satisfactory. Starting with a simple structure and with a relatively low cost, it was possible to produce up to 300.000 predatory mites every 15 days during the hottest period of the year. In relation to the life tables of the studied predators, Proprioseiopsis cannaensis (Muma) and Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes did not complete their development when fed on Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead). The rm values of P. cannaensis were -0.05, -0.09 and 0.002 when fed on Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), T. urticae and pollen of Typha angustifolia L, respectively. The rm values of N. barkeri were -0.03, 0.139 and 0.141, when fed on B. phoenicis, T. urticae and pollen, respectively. N. barkeri seem to have potential for the control of tetranychid mites, however, field conditions should be tested. In relation to release of N. californicus in gerbera and rose flowers, the results were highly satisfactory. In addition to lower environmental impact, the use of this predator in combination with selective acaricides shows an efficient and economically viable alternative for the control of T. urticae.
169

Características biológicas de Telenomus remus Nixon em ovos de Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) e Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith): bases para o desenvolvimento de programas de controle biológico aplicado para as culturas da soja e milho / Biological characteristics of Telenomus remus Nixon in Corcyra cephalonica eggs (Stainton) and Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith): bases for the development of biological control programs for soybean and corn

Pomari, Aline Farhat 25 November 2013 (has links)
Esta tese objetivou realizar pesquisas essenciais como a utilização de hospedeiro alternativo e o comportamento de dispersão de Telenomus remus, para nortear a utilização desta espécie em programas de controle biológico aplicado, nas culturas de milho e soja. Os experimentos iniciais envolveram metodologias que determinaram que para a condução dos experimentos é necessário utilizar ovos inviabilizados, 24 h de exposição ao parasitismo e 20 fêmeas para 100 ovos do hospedeiro. Os estudos sobre a biologia e parasitismo de T. remus em ovos Corcyra cephalonica, por diferentes gerações, apresentaram índices de parasitismo crescentes até a geração F7, a partir desta, o número de ovos parasitados foi semelhante (±62 ovos) e o potencial de parasitismo ao longo da vida foi semelhante àquele verificado para o hospedeiro de criação na geração F19. A influência da umidade relativa foi avaliada e permitiu determinar que deve ser igual ou superior a 80% para que T. remus apresente bom desenvolvimentos em ovos de C. cephalonica. A qualidade dos parasitoides criados em ovos do hospedeiro alternativo foi avaliada mediante análise morfométrica e atividade de vôo e os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, embora T. remus criado em ovos de C. cephalonica apresente tamanho inferior àqueles observados nos parasitoides criados em ovos de S. frugiperda, este fator não influenciou a sua atividade de vôo. Em experimentos de campo foi possível avaliar a capacidade e o padrão de dispersão de T. remus nas culturas de milho e soja onde foi determinado que 40 pontos/ha é o número necessário para controle efetivo de ovos de S. frugiperda, mas a direção eólica atua diretamente no padrão de dispersão e deve ser considerada nas liberações. Assim, com estes resultados é possível concluir que T. remus age efetivamente em campo, no controle de S. frugiperda, e que C. cephalonica pode ser utilizada como hospedeiro alternativo em criação massais. / This thesis aimed to conduct essential research and the use of alternative host and dispersion behavior of Telenomus remus, to guide the use of this species in biological control programs, in corn and soybean. Initial experiments, involving methodologies that for conducting experiments determined is necessary to use unfeasible eggs, 24 h exposure to parasitism and 20 females for 100 host eggs. Studies on the biology and parasitism of T. remus to Corcyra cephalonica eggs by different generations, showed rates of parasitism augmentative to the F7 generation, from this, the number of parasitized eggs was similar (± 62 eggs) and the potential of parasitism throughout life was analogous to that observed for the host creation in F19 generation. The influence of relative humidity was reviewed and has determined that this must be equal to or greater than 80% for T. remus present good developments in eggs of C. cephalonica. The quality of the parasitoids reared on eggs of the factitious host was assessed by morphometric analysis and flight activity and the results showed that although T. remus reared in eggs of C. cephalonica present smaller size to those observed in parasitoids reared on eggs of S. frugiperda, this factor did not affect their flight activity. In field experiments it was possible to assess the ability and the pattern of spread of T. remus in corn and soybean where it was determined that 40 points/ha is required for effective control of eggs of S. frugiperda, but wind direction acts directly on the dispersion pattern and should be considered in releases. So with these results we conclude that T. remus acts effectively on the field, control of S. frugiperda and C. cephalonica may be used as factitious host for mass rearing.
170

Desenvolvimento de estratégias para incorporação de fungos entomopatogênicos no manejo de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) na cultura dos citros / Development of strategies for the incorporation of entomopathogenic fungi in the management of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in the citrus crops

Ausique, John Jairo Saldarriaga 03 July 2014 (has links)
O principal problema fitossanitário da citricultura atualmente é a doença conhecida como greening ou Huanglongbing (HLB), transmitida pelo inseto vetor Diaphorina citri. O presente trabalho objetivou desenvolver estratégias para incorporação dos fungos Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63, registrado para o controle de outras pragas e/ou I. fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 em desenvolvimento como biopesticida especialmente para o manejo de D. citri, determinando a melhor concentração de adjuvantes e de conídios dos fungos a serem utilizados, sua eficácia em laboratório, semi-campo e campo; assim como sua compatibilidade com os agroquímicos utilizados na cultura. Na comparação dos dois fungos aplicados com seis adjuvantes no controle de D. citri revelaram que exceto Tween 80 a 0,001%, todos os outros adjuvantes contribuíram para aumentar a eficácia dos fungos. Os níveis de controle obtidos nos bioensaios em laboratório com B. bassiana e I. fumosorosea foram confirmados nos bioensaios em semi-campo e em campo. Realizaram-se 12 pulverizações com os dois fungos durante o período de dezembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2013 em campo nas concentrações de 2,5x106 conídios/mL em 2000 L/ha e 5x106 conídios/mL em 1000 L/ha ambos com 0,075% do adjuvante KBRAdj. Na comparação mês a mês, somente em janeiro de 2012 o controle químico foi superior a todos os outros tratamentos. No restante dos meses, as mortalidades causadas pelos tratamentos com fungos foram semelhantes entre si e semelhantes ao controle químico. As mortalidades de adultos de D. citri pelos fungos variaram de 96,4±3,8% (dezembro/2011) a 57,8±3,5% (outubro/2012). Os efeitos de 27 agroquímicos sobre o crescimento vegetativo e esporulação das colônias e a viabilidade dos conídios in vitro e a virulência dos fungos in vivo após mistura com cada um dos produtos foram determinados e revelaram que exceto os fungicidas a maioria dos produtos são compatíveis com os fungos e podem ser misturados na calda de aplicação. Estes resultados indicam que Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63 e Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 são promissores para utilização no controle de D. citri em programas de manejo integrado de pragas de citros. / The main cause of the crop loss in citrus is currently the disease known as greening or Huanglongbing (HLB), transmitted by the insect vector Diaphorina citri. This study aimed to develop strategies for incorporating the fungi Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63, registered for the control of other pests and Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 in development as biopesticide especially for the management of D. citri by determining the optimal concentration of adjuvants and of conidia to be used, their effectiveness in laboratory, semifield and field; as well as its compatibility with agrochemicals used in the crop. The comparison of the two fungi applied with six adjuvants for the control of D. citri revealed that except Tween 80 (0.001%), all other adjuvants contributed to increase the effectiveness of the fungi. Control levels obtained in the laboratory bioassays with B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea were confirmed in bioassays in semi-field and field. Both fungi were sprayed 12 times from December 2011 to January 2013 in the field at concentrations of 2.5x106 conidia/mL in 2000 L/ha and 5x106 conidia/mL in 1000 L/ha both with 0.075% of KBRAdj adjuvant. Only in January 2012 the chemical control was superior to all other treatments. In the remaining months, the mortalities caused by all the fungi treatments were similar to each other and similar to chemical control. The mortalities of adult D. citri by fungi ranged from 96.4 ± 3.8% (December/2011) to 57.8 ± 3.5% (October/2012). The effects of 27 agrochemicals on the vegetative growth and sporulation of colonies and conidia viability in vitro and in vivo virulence of the fungus after mixing it with each of the products were determined and showed that except the fungicides, the majority of products are compatible with the fungi and may be tank mixed. These results indicate that B. bassiana ESALQ-PL63 and I. fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 are promising for use in the control of D. citri in integrated pest management programs of citrus.

Page generated in 0.1042 seconds