The Canada-wide Standards for Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC CWS) in soils are remedial standards based on four petroleum distillates (Fraction 1 [F1; ECN C6-C10], Fraction 2 [F2; ECN >C10-C16], Fraction 3 [F3; ECN >C16-C34], and Fraction 4 [F4; ECN >C34-C50]). Knowledge gaps regarding petroleum toxicity to soil organisms were identified including concerns that the ecological values for F3 were overly conservative, possibly due to differences in toxicity between the low and high boiling point constituents of this distillate, and unexpected less-than-concentration-additive toxicity of binary mixtures of distillates to earthworms. An understanding of petroleum toxicokinetics with soil organisms was also needed to interpret toxicity results. Toxicity studies with one plant and two invertebrate (earthworm and collembolan) species were conducted with F3 and two subfractions of F3, F3a (ECN >C16-C22) and F3b (ECN >C22-C34), to determine if the toxicities of F3a and F3b were sufficiently different to recommend regulating the two separately. The difference in toxicities between the two was generally within the range of variability noted for the toxicity tests and thus it was not recommended to regulate the two separately. The toxicity data indicated that the exposure duration of standard test methods may be insufficient for determining the toxicity of higher distillate ranges. Toxicokinetic studies conducted with earthworms and F2, F3a, and F3b confirmed that standard test durations generally were not of sufficient duration to attain maximum body residues with F3b and sometimes F3a. Internal exposure scenarios also differed among distillates, with various accumulation curves noted and attributed to differences in loss of distillate from the soil and changes in bioavailability. Aromatics were disproportionally accumulated by earthworms relative to the ratio of aromatics to aliphatics in soil, suggesting that aromatics were the main contributors to earthworm toxicity. Toxicity and toxicokinetic studies with binary combinations of F2, F3a, and/or F3b and earthworms demonstrated that, on a soil concentration basis, toxicity was less-than-additive. Toxicokinetics indicated that this was due to a decrease in the bioavailability of distillates when a second distillate was present presumably as a non-aqueous phase liquid. However, on an internal tissue concentration basis, results were closer in agreement with concentration-addition.

In Galveston Bay, Texas, the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is found throughout the bay both intertidal along mudflats and subtidal where their self-built reefs extend vertically deeper. The eastern oyster is an important ecological and economical resource and as such has led to studies regarding their community structure to permit effective creation of artificially built reefs and restoration of existing ones. The presence of the oil and gas industry coupled with increased oyster mortality led to investigations to determine the effects of petroleum substances on the setting, growth, and mortality of the eastern oyster. Many of those studies indicated increased settlement and increased growth of oysters on substrate coated with oil. A field conducted experiment was used to assess the settlement of oyster larvae on cleaned oyster shells coated with two different types of petroleum substances (mineral oil and motor oil), comparing viscosities, in a shallow bayou in Galveston, Texas, where the eastern oyster dominates the intertidal zone. Oyster shells were used as cultch material and divided into three groups; a non-treated control group, mineral oil treated group, and a motor oil treated group. Nekton assemblages, distributions of the ivory barnacle, Balanus eberneus, and Dermo disease infection were assessed. Settlement of oyster larvae occurred in all three groups with no significant difference of preference; algae and sediment present on the shells coupled with the presence of predators most likely caused reduced numbers of spat settlement. Species richness was equal among the groups but varied in evenness of individual species.

The Gidgealpa south dome structure in the Eromanga Basin, central Australia is a producing oil and gas field with hydrocarbons sourced from number of sub-surface horizons within the Permian Cooper Basin and Mesozoic Eromanga Basin. Within the Jurassic Birkhead Formation this field has currently reached the end of its primary production and is now moving into the secondary production phase / Thesis (PhDGeology)--University of South Australia, 1999

Thesis (PhDGeology)--University of South Australia, 2000.

The international oil and gas industry views China as a key country in its search for petroleum exploration and development investment opportunities. China offers a range of opportunities ?? from mature, producing areas to frontier exploration areas. When Oil and gas companies make investment decisions to explore for and develop petroleum resources in a particular country, they need to examine many aspects of that country. The decision to invest focuses on assessments of the likely economic rewards and the risks involved. In this thesis, I attempt to provide a detailed assessment of various factors affecting the economics of petroleum exploration and development in China from an oil and gas investors?? point of view. The thesis is aimed at assisting international oil and gas companies to make investment decisions and assisting their understanding of the petroleum prospects in China. Based on detailed economic modelling, the thesis aims to demonstrate the profitability of exploration and development of a range of hypothetical but representative oil and gas prospects and discoveries in different areas in onshore and offshore China. The thesis also reviews the key fiscal terms in China and shows the economic impact of individual components of Chinese fiscal terms on field developments in China. The thesis quantifies and analyses the impact of Chinese fiscal terms by measuring the Government Take for a range of hypothetical oil field developments. It includes an analysis of the flexibility of the Chinese fiscal terms by quantifying the effect of Government Take on marginal field developments. In addition, the thesis intends to assess the competitiveness of Chinese fiscal regime in terms of its severity and flexibility as compared to other fiscal regimes in the Asia Pacific Region.

The Gidgealpa south dome structure in the Eromanga Basin, central Australia is a producing oil and gas field with hydrocarbons sourced from number of sub-surface horizons within the Permian Cooper Basin and Mesozoic Eromanga Basin. Within the Jurassic Birkhead Formation this field has currently reached the end of its primary production and is now moving into the secondary production phase / Thesis (PhDGeology)--University of South Australia, 1999

The Gidgealpa south dome structure in the Eromanga Basin, central Australia is a producing oil and gas field with hydrocarbons sourced from number of sub-surface horizons within the Permian Cooper Basin and Mesozoic Eromanga Basin. Within the Jurassic Birkhead Formation this field has currently reached the end of its primary production and is now moving into the secondary production phase / Thesis (PhDGeology)--University of South Australia, 1999

Thesis (M. S.)--Texas A&M University, 2006. / "Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created on Nov. 2, 2007.) Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. S.)--Texas A&M University, 2007. / "Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created on Nov. 2, 2007.) Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. S.)--Texas A&M University, 2006. / "Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering" Title from author supplied metadata (automated record created on Nov. 2, 2007.) Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references.