<p> A bull heading operation is a static non-circulating well control method used to regain integrity of the wellbore. This method is used when there is no drill/tubing string in the wellbore to circulate the kick out of the wellbore. A bull-heading operation requires the use of hydraulic force to overcome the static shut-in pressures of the reservoirs and provide a differential pressure. This differential pressure is required to overcome wellbore and formation friction forces and drive the kill fluid, at a desired flow rate, down the wellbore. </p><p> In tight conventional reservoirs it is very difficult to accurately simulate the requirements needed to conduct a Bullhead operation. Is it critical to properly estimate the maximum anticipated surface pressure expected during any well control operation. If not done accurately, the equipment used during this operation can surpass its limitations, leading to compromising the integrity of the equipment. The key component to estimate is the differential pressure required to force the oil back into the reservoir at a required kill fluid velocity. A specific kill fluid velocity is required to hydraulically kill the well by preventing the reservoir fluids from u tubing with the heavier kill fluid. Bullhead simulations don&rsquo;t focus on injection pressure modeling, which is believed the reason why the required differential pressure is being underestimated in deep-water applications. The goals of this project is to create a reservoir model, analyze the three-dimensional fluid flow that will occur during a bull heading operation, and conduct a sensitivity analysis on the parameters that affect the injection pressure. This will allow us to accurately estimate the injection pressure required to force the oil back into the reservoir and also determine what impact certain reservoir properties have on injection pressure.</p><p>

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<p>Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is regarded as new and effective technology to produce oil and gas in recent years. EOR technology has been widely used as a method of enhancing remaining oil to several oil fields? production. This experiment provides detailed analysis and approves the effectiveness of algae polymer. It also gives some suggestions, which were based on information obtained from other researches for future test.

<p>Modern hydraulic fracturing designs assume that drilled formations are both isotropic and homogeneous, and fractures are linear and symmetrical. However, unconventional resources are often obtained from formations that are both anisotropic and heterogeneous, resulting in complex fracture behavior. The objective of this study is to evaluate fracture behavior based on the influence of anisotropy and water saturation. Isotropic and homogeneous Austin Chalk, Berea Sister Gray Sandstone, and Silurian Dolomite, laminated anisotropic and heterogeneous Parker Sandstone, Nugget Sandstone, and Winterset Limestone Carbonate, and fully anisotropic and heterogeneous Edwards Brown Carbonate cores were ordered for testing. Brazilian discs were cut according the ISRM and ASTM standards, and prepared as dry, brine saturated, and fresh water saturated samples. All samples were fractured by the Brazilian test, and laminated anisotropic samples were tested at various loading angles (0?, 15?, 30?, 45?, 90?). Tensile strengths were calculated using the peak load of the primary fracture of each sample, and the fractures were observed for geometrical trends. Additionally, the strain development of each fracture was analyzed through the application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) software. The results determined that anisotropy and saturation can decrease the tensile strength of a formation. The fracture geometries were influenced by planes of anisotropic lamination, and fully anisotropic rocks produced winding, erratic fractures. DIC allowed for closer 101 examination of fracture development, and identified that saturation can cause failure along lamination planes subjected to less than the maximum, load induced stress. This research can be utilized to improve the hydraulic fracturing design models to optimize formation fractures, and increase revenue for the oil and gas industry.

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The use of oil and natural gas for the production of chemicals is of recent origin, yet petrochemicals have already reached a position of major importance. Investment in the industry is growing at an extremely rapid rate, both in the developed and underdeveloped countries. In this study the distribution of petrochemical production is examined in Western Europe, Japan and the United States. There are two main aims, to explain the distribution of the industry and to demonstrate the application of four methods of geographic analysis. Three of these methods, the examination of the historical development of activity, the analysis of the factors influencing the location of activity and the description of the major regions of activity, have been widely used in economic geography. The fourth, the comparison of the costs of production and transport involved in locating activities in various regions, has not been used, yet merits greater attention. In Western Europe, a historical analysis of the petrochemical industry shows that the presence of an old established coal-chemicals industry has had a significant effect on subsequent developments. Three other factors, the influence of raw materials availability, the influence of markets, and governmental action have also affected the location of petrochemical plants. Japanese petrochemical plants are entirely located on the coasts, most of the raw materials for the industry being imported. The plants fall into a number of distinct groups, which are described regionally. The United States also has several major regions of petrochemical production around coastal refining ports, at inland "gateway" points, in coal-chemicals centres, and on the Gulf Coast oil and gas fields. Economic factors which have led to the concentration of production in the Gulf Coast region are analysed according to the comparative cost method, which is found to be effective. Comparative cost analysis provides a framework onto which empirical studies may be built. Thus it may be possible to construct a theory of location around this and similar methods. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Information systems analysis was done for the computerization of an existing long range financial planning model, in case study form. The model, that of Lockheed Petroleum Services Limited, was analyzed and recommendations for model sophistication were made. Computerization was justified by projected cost reduction and several other advantages which were judged to outweigh the disadvantages of computerization. Implications of computerization and difficulties of information systems analysis were described. Results of the study were the design of a detailed algorithm and of ancillary documents making future computer programming, verification, and implementation easily achievable. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate