by Leung Yun-to, Ada. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-115). / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Review of gas-liquid chromatographic and other chromatographic techniques --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- "Structures, actions and uses of the drugs under study" --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research objectives --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- INSTRUMENTATION AND THEORY / Chapter 2.1 --- Instrumentation for gas chromatography --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Basic principles in chromatography --- p.23 / Chapter 3. --- EXPERIMENTAL / Chapter 3.1 --- Instrumentation --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- "The counter-check GC method for camphor, menthol and methyl salicylate" --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- The counter-check HPLC method for thymol --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4 --- The counter-check HPLC method for phenol --- p.30 / Chapter 3.5 --- The counter-check HPLC method for benzoic acid --- p.31 / Chapter 3.6 --- The counter-check HPLC method for salicylic acid --- p.32 / Chapter 3.7 --- Reagents --- p.33 / Chapter 3.8 --- Sample preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.9 --- "Quantitative determination of benzoic acid, camphor, menthol, methyl salicylate, phenol, salicylic acid and thymol in various pharmaceutical preparations" --- p.35 / Chapter 4. --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Choice of column --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2 --- Optimization of chromatographic conditions --- p.44 / Chapter 4.3 --- Choice of solvent --- p.51 / Chapter 4.4 --- Calibration --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5 --- Reproducibility of the GC measurements --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6 --- Recovery test and precision studies --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- Simultaneous determination of the drugs under study in various pharmaceutical preparations --- p.100 / Chapter 5. --- CONCLUSION --- p.113 / Chapter 6. --- REFERENCES --- p.114

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1952. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

In partial fulfilment of the degree of MSc. Med (Bioethics & Health Law) Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Johannesburg June 2016 / It is estimated that about two billion people, one-third of the world's population, lack regular access to essential medicines (Forman & Kohler 2012: 26). The situation is worst in Africa and South East Asia, where it is reported that about half the population do not have regular access to potentially life-saving drugs (Forman & Kohler 2012:26). A normative study was undertaken to probe whether legal duties to provide affordable medicines place or ought to place limitations on the exercise of pharmaceutical patents in developing countries. I have used the bioethics theory of justice and the jurisprudence on the right-to-health, enshrined in international human rights law, as my argumentative framework. Like other pro-health equity academics (Forman & Kohler 2012, Cameron 2005, Gostin 2014) I argue that the exorbitant prices charged by the multinational pharmaceutical industry for patented drugs are a barrier to equitable access to essential medicines for the world’s poor, most of whom live in developing countries. I concur with (Forman and Kohler 2012:1) that, “access to essential medicines (should be) authoritatively interpreted to constitute a minimum core entitlement under the human right to the highest attainable standard of health (the right-to-health), placing correlative duties on a range of actors to enable and ensure access." In addition, I posit that the interests of social justice ought to justify a partial infringement of private commercial interests in the public interest – to speed up regular and affordable access to essential medicines to all who need them. My argument proceeds as follows: Firstly, nation states bear the primary responsibility to meet right-to-health responsibilities as espoused in international human rights law and applicable African regional laws. Secondly, I argue that richer states (should) have joint legal and moral responsibilities to assist poorer nations to realize access to the "highest attainable standard of health" which is the legal entitlement of "every person" (WHO 1946, African Charter of Human Rights, 1981). I conclude by arguing that the multinational pharmaceutical industry ought to assume binding right-to-health human rights obligations, with nation states. / MT2016

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1990. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [210]-222).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 294-317).

Metal catalysis of symmetric and asymmetric carbene transfer reactions has been widely applied in natural product synthesis and material science over years. Metal carbene can be easily generated from the extrusion of nitrogen under the catalysis of metal complexes to further undergo various organic reactions, O/N/C-H insertions, cycloadditions, and ylide formations. Currently, the dominant effective catalysts for carbene reactions are built with expensive precious metal, for example, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, gold. Notably, the effective reactivity and enantioselectivity of the dirhodium(II) catalysts are researched and established over the decades. However, the use of precious metal catalysts is the major source of metal residues in pharmaceutical products; thus, it becomes a concerning safety factor towards the environment. Iron, instead, to our interest, is an economical and ecofriendly element. Iron has been used in different catalytic reactions but achieved moderate reactivity and low enantioselectivity towards carbene transfer reactions. Within, the electronic environment and the mechanism of iron catalysts are underdeveloped. A new series of ligands named bis(imino)pyridine family has been found to be able to offer coordinate sites for transition metals to build effective metal complexes can be used for different organic reactions. This type of ligand can be easily synthesized in relatively short steps and the structure of the substituents can be facially tuned. These advantages show the great potential of bis(imino)pyridine ligands in organic catalysis. In this project, bis(imino)pyridine ligands were applied as the backbone structure to construct a series of achiral and chiral iron catalysts that were investigated in catalytic metal carbene reactions in terms of reactivity and selectivity. By manipulating the structure of the ligands, the high reactivity of the achiral iron(II) complexes towards various carbene reactions was achieved, while moderate enantioselectivity was observed by the catalysis of chiral iron(II) complexes. To our delight, the bis(imino)pyridine iron(II) complex, for the first time, is shown as an effective metal carbene catalyst for carbene transfer reactions of donor–acceptor diazo compounds. Its broad catalytic capability is demonstrated by a range of metal carbene reactions, from cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, epoxidation, and Doyle–Kirmse reaction to O–H insertion, N–H insertion, and C–H insertion reactions. The asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrene and methyl phenyldiazoacetate was successfully achieved by the new chiral bis(imino)pyridine iron catalyst, which delivers a new gateway for the development of chiral iron catalysis for metal carbene reactions.

Antimalarial drugs are becoming less effective due to the emergence of drug resistance. At this time, resistance has been reported for all available antimalarial marketed drugs, including artemisinin, thus creating a perpetual need for alternative drug candidates. The traditional drug discovery approach of high throughput screening (HTS) of large compound libraries for identification of new drug leads is time-consuming and resource-intensive. While virtual screening, which enables finding drug candidates in-silico, is one solution to this problem, the accuracy of these models is limited. Artificial intelligence (AI) however has demonstrated highly accurate performances in chemical property prediction utilizing either structure-based or ligand-based approaches. Leveraging this ability and the existing models, AI could be a suitable alternative to blind-search HTS or feature-based virtual screening. This model would recognize patterns within data and allow the search for hit compounds to be done in an intelligent manner. In this work, we introduce DeepMalaria, a deep-learning-based process capable of predicting the anti-plasmodial properties and parasite to human selectivity of compounds from their SMILES. This graph-based model is trained on nearly 13,000 publicly available antiplasmodial compounds from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) which are currently being used to find novel antimalarial drug candidates. We used this model for predicting hit compounds from a macrocyclic based compound library. To validate the DeepMalaria generated hits, we utilized the widely used SYBR Green I fluorescence-based phenotypic screening. DeepMalaria was able to predict all compounds that showed nanomolar activity and 87.5% of the compounds with an inhibition rate of 50% or more at 1 µM. Further experiments to reveal the compounds' mechanism of action has shown us that one of the hit compounds, DC-9237, inhibits all intraerythrocytic asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum, and is a fast-acting compound, making it a strong candidate for further optimization.