This diploma thesis deals with deep cultivators which are used in companies of agricultural production. Theoretical part is focused on the history of soil proccessing, soil treatement and loosening machines which are being used today. That includes disc cultivators, tine cultivators, chisel cultivators, rod cultivators and machines with driven work gears. Practical part of theses includes comparison of chisel cultivator and plough doing tillage. The quality of keeping the depth invariable is being evaluated, as well as time-consuming nature, consumption of fuel and drain on resources.

<p>Copper is an essential trace element required by all aerobic organisms as a co-factor for enzymes involved in normal growth, development and physiology. Ctr1 proteins are members of a highly conserved family of copper importers responsible for copper uptake across the plasma membrane. Mice lacking Ctr1 die during embryogenesis from widespread developmental defects, demonstrating the need for adequate copper acquisition in the development of metazoan organisms via as yet uncharacterized mechanisms. The early lethality of the Ctr1 knockout mouse has made it difficult to study the functions of copper and Ctr1 proteins in metazoan development and physiology. Drosophila melanogaster, a genetically tractable system expresses three Ctr1 genes, Ctr1A, Ctr1B and Ctr1C, and may help to further understand the roles of copper and Ctr1 proteins in metazoan development and physiology. Described here is the characterization of Drosophila Ctr1A. </p><p>Localization studies using an affinity purified anti-Ctr1A peptide antibody show Ctr1A is predominantly expressed at the plasma membrane in whole embryos and in larval tissues. Ctr1A is an essential gene in Drosophila as loss-of-function mutants, generated by imprecise p-element excision arrest at early larval stages of development. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) demonstrated that whole body copper levels are reduced in Ctr1A mutants and consequently, a number of copper-dependent enzyme deficiencies were detected by in vitro enzyme and cell biological assays. Ctr1A maternal and zygotic mutants have a more severe developmental phenotype and also showed reductions in heart rate, which could be partially rescued by dietary copper supplementation. Heart-specific Ctr1A knockdown flies were subsequently examined for heart rate defects using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and while they did have reduced heart rate measurements, heart contractility was compromised. While investigating tissue-specific requirements for Ctr1A in the development of Drosophila, a genetic interaction between Ctr1A and Ras was observed. Genetic experiments in Drosophila and cell culture experiments in both Drosophila and mammalian cell lines demonstrate a conserved role for Ctr1 proteins and copper as positive modulators of Ras/MAPK pathway signaling. Immunoblot analysis shows that signal transduction is intact until the point at which MEK1/2 phosphorylates ERK1/2. MEK2 protein levels are reduced in copper deficient cells, while MEK1 is able to bind copper-chelated beads, suggesting that these two proteins may be copper-binding proteins. In summary, this work demonstrates that Ctr1A is an essential gene in Drosophila and through characterization studies of Ctr1A, has uncovered conserved roles for Ctr1 proteins and copper in physiological processes and in an important signaling pathway that controls a number of fundamental biological processes.</p> / Dissertation

This study investigates the manifestation of geometric features of turbine blades in signatures of non-optical time of arrival (ToA) probes. The approach enables an evaluation of the various signal characteristics used for defining ToA for a range of airfoil geometries and provides knowledge about additional waveform characteristics. The objective of this research is to increase the accuracy of microwave ToA probes by gaining a better understanding of the microwave signals in five steps. Firstly, ToA definitions used in the past are compared. Considering accuracy, computational effort, and versatility, the constant fraction crossing definition is found to be the most accurate. Secondly, an experimental apparatus capable of measuring airfoil ToA with microwave probes and optical probes as a reference is designed and built. As a third step, a catalog of 16 turbine blade geometries is developed. Fourthly, the signatures of these turbine blades are acquired using both the optical and the microwave probes. Finally, the impact of the geometric effects on the signatures is evaluated. The quality of the microwave results is found to be highly dependent on the polarization of the microwaves. Analysis of the time domain signal shows that decreasing the blade width, increasing the chord angle, or incorporating a blade tip pocket or a varying cross-section leads to a decrease in the amplitude of the peak caused by the blade. Increasing the blade width and incorporating a chord angle leads to an increase in peak width. A frequency domain analysis is conducted on the microwave signals and verified using a synthetic signal. This analysis confirms the findings from the time domain analysis. The time domain analysis of the laser measurements shows that the spatial resolution of the laser is much higher than that of the microwave sensor. Consequently, the signal acquired with the optical setup provides a good means of defining the blade ToA. The knowledge gained in this study about the sensor and its interaction with passing blade tips of varying geometry can be used to enhance the understanding of microwave ToA measurements. This knowledge provides further insight into airfoil and engine health.

Dans cette thèse est défendu l'intérêt d'évaluer la santé d'un système/objet industriel multi-composants à travers un bilan de santé multi-niveaux hiérarchiques. Elle a donc pour objet principal de justifier les éléments essentiels du concept de bilan de santé générique qui représente l'état réel d'un système sous la forme d'un vecteur d'indicateurs de différentes natures. Vis-à-vis de ce fondement, la thèse se focalise plus spécifiquement sur les fonctions de détection des anomalies-normalisation et agrégation d'indicateurs pour élaborer un index synthétique représentatif de l'état de santé global pour chaque élément du système. Il est ainsi proposé, une nouvelle approche de détection conditionnelle des anomalies. Cette approche a pour intérêt de quantifier la déviation pour chaque indicateur par rapport à son mode de comportement nominal tout en prenant en compte le contexte dans lequel évolue le système. Une extension à l'exploitation de l'intégrale de Choquet en tant qu'opérateur d'agrégation des indicateurs est aussi proposée. Cette extension concerne, d'une part, un processus d'apprentissage non supervisé des capacités pour le niveau le plus inférieur dans l'abstraction, à savoir celui des composants, et d'autre part, une approche de mise en oeuvre de leur inférence d'un niveau à l'autre. Ces propositions sont appliquées sur un moteur diesel de navire, système essentiel du projet BMCI du pôle MER-PACA dans lequel s'inscrit cette thèse.

Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico / Desde hace algunos años que la disciplina especializada en el diagnóstico de fallas en sistemas y el pronóstico de eventos que pudieran afectar la salud de éstos, denominada Prognostics and Health Management (PHM), ha ido tomando cada vez más fuerza y ha empezado a consolidarse como una nueva área de la ingeniería. Esta disciplina tiene como eje principal la caracterización del estado de salud de los sistemas dinámicos, ya sea a través de enfoques probabilísticos, posibilísticos, o epistémicos, por nombrar algunos; siendo el enfoque probabilístico el adoptado en la presente Tesis. Dado que la mayoría de los sistemas se conciben mediante complejas relaciones que suelen establecerse en base a no linealidades e incertidumbre no necesariamente Gaussiana, el empleo de métodos secuenciales de Monte Carlo -también llamados filtros de partículas- ha tomado gran relevancia para el diagnóstico de la salud de los sistemas. Los filtros de partículas proveen una distribución empírica de probabilidad para los estados del sistema siguiendo un enfoque Bayesiano. Es muy frecuente que en rutinas de estimación, y en especial al usar filtro de partículas, algunas de las mediciones que debiesen proporcionar los sensores se pierdan de manera parcial o total. En el caso de una pérdida parcial, se propone una estrategia basada en la Teoría de Imputaciones Múltiples desarrollada en los años 60' que permite incorporar la incertidumbre que hay al perder solo parte de la información. Por otra parte, cuando se pierde acceso a la totalidad de las mediciones se puede hablar de un problema análogo al de pronóstico. Se propone un algoritmo que recibe como entrada una distribución empírica producto del final de una etapa de estimación basada en filtro de partículas, en la cual se propaga incertidumbre haciendo uso de sigma-points y del ajuste paramétrico de mezclas de Gaussianas para la aproximación de distribuciones de probabilidad. Además de los algoritmos anteriormente mencionados, en esta Tesis se presenta la deducción y demostración de una nueva medida de probabilidad de falla de sistemas en el contexto de monitoreo en línea, la cual modifica el estado-del-arte y abre nuevas ramas de investigación que pueden influir fuertemente en el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de toma de decisiones. Los desarrollos presentados en esta Tesis abordan principalmente el caso del problema de estimación y pronóstico del Estado-de-Carga de baterías de ion-litio para el análisis y validación de los algoritmos que se proponen dada su relevancia en la autonomía de los dispositivos electrónicos que requieren procesamiento de información en tiempo real; tales como tablets, celulares, vehículos o micro-redes, por nombrar algunos ejemplos.

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