Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Plants have been used as medicine since antiquity. Passed on by word of mouth through the generations, this oral tradition is at risk of becoming extinct due to westernization and lack of documentation. The community in the Dwarsrivier valley is one such community who continues to use these medicinal plant remedies on a daily basis. However, these remedies are at risk of becoming extinct due to a lack of interest from the younger generation. The objectives of the study were to identify the plants used for medicinal purposes, provide an inventory and select several plants for elemental analysis and phytochemical screening. Individuals were selected based on their ethnobotanical knowledge and agreed to participate in the study. Over 40 individuals were interviewed from the four communities; Pniel, Lanquedoc, Meerlust and Kylemore. Of the 40 participants interviewed, 25 participants agreed to complete questionnaires. The survey yielded 53 plant species belonging to 31 families of which only 24 are indigenous. Although more exotic plants are used compared to indigenous, the indigenous plants were the more popular choice for medicinal use. Most plants belonged to the Lamiaceae family followed by Asteraceae, Alliaceae, Apiaceae and Rosaceae. The most popular plants in terms of ranking are Agathosma crenulata followed by Artemisia afra and Helichrysum petiolare. This is the first report of Protea cynaroides, Cissus rhombifolia, Canna spp. and Dilatris viscosa used for medicinal purposes.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Gethyllis multifolia L. Bolus and G. villosa Thunb. are winter-growing, summerblooming,deciduous and bulbous geophytes that grow naturally in the semi-arid succulent Karoo biome of South Africa. Both species grow under full sun conditions and have four distinctive growth phases: a winter (cold and wet) growing phase, leaf senescence phase towards spring, flowering phase during the hot and dry summer months, and fruit and leaf formation phase in autumn. The medicinal uses of this genus (including G. multifolia “Kukumakranka” and G.villosa “hairy kukumakranka”) range from cures for colic, digestive disturbances,teething problems, fatigue, boils, bruises and insect bites, to being used as an aphrodisiac. Gethyllis multifolia is threatened in its natural habitat and is listed in the ‘Vulnerable’ category of the ‘Red Data List of Southern African Plants’ and the ‘IUCN-World Conservation Union List of Plants’. The literature indicate that the habitats of both species are being exposed to drier conditions and is further threatened by the encroachment of invasive indigenous plant species. It is not known to which extent these factors may pose a threat to the existence of both species. The first objective of this investigation was to determine the costs of vegetative and reproductive growth during the seasonal life cycle of the plant, using carbon(C) and nitrogen (N) as a physiological currency. The second objective was to elucidate a functional basis to explain the difference in the conservation status of both species in their natural habitat. Both species were subjected to drought and shading as environmental stresses and the plant physiological performance was investigated via photosynthetic gas exchange. The third objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant content (total polyphenol, flavonol/flavone and flavanone content) and antioxidant capacity [ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2'-azino-di-3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate (ABTS) radical cation scavenging ability] of natural populations and plant samples that were exposed to photo-and-drought environmental stresses. This study was done to elucidate the antioxidant profile of plant parts of natural populations as well as providing farmers, traditional healers and pharmaceutical companies with cultivation environmental conditions to enhance the antioxidant properties of the species. This investigation also attempted to isolate and characterize, by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC), natural compounds from both species to lend support to the purported antioxidant benefit of both species and to further lend support to claims made by traditional healers of the medicinal potential of the genus. This study, however, did not engage in any in vivo studies or human trials to support published literature of the medicinal benefits of the genus.

M.Sc. / Cephalanthus natalensis of the Rubiaceae family of plants is used in traditional medical systems. Different parts of this shrubby plant are used to treat different ailments. In this study, the use of C. natalensis for medicinal purposes was investigated. Plant materials (leaves, bark and fruits) were collected from different localities in Swaziland. Extraction of phytochemicals in C. natalensis was done by maceration in four solvents of increasing polarities: hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Amino acids and alkaloids were also extracted in boiling water and mild acid, respectively. Phytochemical screening of compounds was done by means of TLC, HPLC and GC-MS. Previously reported TLC screening of C. natalensis indicated the presence of alkaloids. This study also confirmed the presence of alkaloids, although these were not isolated. No other chemical compounds have been reported from this plant in literature. Phenolic compounds and terpenes were extracted and detected by the chromatographic methods employed. GC-MS analysis was also used to identify and quantify amino acids in the extracts. A phytochemical assessment of compounds was done by investigating the leaves, bark and fruits of C. natalensis. A further phytochemical variation study was conducted by comparing these phytochemicals and their relative concentrations in C. natalensis plants collected from five different localities. While the same compounds were present in all the plants sampled, the concentrations of the different compounds seemed to vary irrespective of the geographic location of the plants sampled. In the different plant parts collected, some common compounds were present in the leaves, bark and fruits and other compounds varied between the different parts studied. The traditional usage of C. natalensis as fever and malaria remedy was investigated in vitro. Antibacterial and antimalarial tests of crude extracts were done. The antibacterial test on the extracts against five bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed an average activity in all the plant parts tested. The average MIC values ranged from 0.917 mg/mL to >100 mg/mL. In the antimalarial test the extracts inhibited 50% of Plasmodium falciparum growth at concentrations ranging from 27 μg/mL to >100 μg/mL. Hexane extracts of the bark had notable antimalarial activity with the highest inhibition at the lowest concentration of 27 μg/mL. The fruits were not as active as expected since they are particularly used as malaria remedy in traditional medicine. Two compounds were also isolated from methanol extracts of C. natalensis for the first time. A volatile isoprenoid ketone, (5E,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, was isolated and characterised. The structure of the second compound could not be completely characterised due to complex data obtained from the NMR experiments.

Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) est une plante aux vertus médicinales beaucoup plus connues en Afrique sub-saharienne dans la pharmacopée traditionnelle pour ses nombreuses activités pharmacologiques. N. latifolia Sm. est un arbre ou arbuste d'espèce soudano-sahélienne ; ses zones d'abondance sont principalement l'Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Sa large utilisation en médecine traditionnelle , nous a incités à réaliser une enquête ethnobotanique et un screening phytochimique afin de mettre en cohérence les prescriptions et les activités potentielles des constituants chimiques présents. Les principales classes de métabolites secondaires, principalement les alcaloïdes, les flavonoïdes, les tanins, les stérols et terpéniques ont été recherchés dans les feuilles, écorces et racines de la plante. N. latifolia Sm. de par la présence des nombreuses familles chimiques, possède des activités biologiques intéressantes. Les extraits d'alcaloïdes totaux issus des 3 organes de la plante, ont prouvé une activité anticancéreuse. Ces extraits inhibent la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses mammaires MCF-7. Outre l'activité antitumorale, les extraits alcaloïdes de N. latifolia Sm. agissent contre la douleur. Ils inhibent en effet de la douleur après injection de l'acide acétique à 0,6 % chez la souris. Cependant, N. latifolia Sm. se présente comme une plante aux nombreux médicaments. Au regard de ces activités biologiques intéressantes, il convient de mener des investigations intenses pour enrichir la production des Médicaments Traditionnels Améliorés (MTA). / Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a plant with curative virtues much more known in Sub-Saharan Africa in the traditional pharmacopoeia for the numerous biological activities. N. latifolia Sm.is a shrub or tree Soudano-Sahelian species ; his zones of abundance are in most cases Western and Central Africa. His wide use in traditional medecine incited us to realize an ethnobotany investigation and a phytochemical screening to put in coherence the prescriptions and the potential activities of the chemical constituents. The main classes of metabolites secondary sectors, maily alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and terpenoids, were looked for in the leaves, barks of stems and roots. N. latifolia Sm. all over the presence of its numerous chemical families have interesting pharmacological activities. The extracts of existent complete alkaloids of the 3 organs of the plant, proved an anticancerous activities. These extracts inhibit the proliferation of the mammary cancerous cells MCF-7. Besides, activity antitumorale extracts alkaloids of N. latifolia Sm. act against pain. They inhibit the effect of pain after injection acetic acid in 0,6 % to the mice. However, N. latifolia Sm. comes as a plant in numerous drugs. With regard to the interesting biological activities, it is necessary to lead intense investigation to enrich the production of Traditional Ameliorated Drugs.

Campomanesia phaea L, espécie da família Myrtaceae, popularmente denominada de \'cambuci\' foi estudada através de uma abordagem botânica, química e farmacológica. A planta foi coletada e é cultivada no Instituto de Agronomia da Estação Experimental de Ubatuba no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. O estudo morfo-anatômico das folhas foi realizado conjuntamente com uma triagem fitoquímica de seus constituintes químicos mais importantes e seus extratos foram ensaiados farmacológica e microbiologicamente. O ensaio de toxicidade aguda foi realizado em camundongos e a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada com o extrato liofilizado contra bactérias Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), em levedura, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), e bolor, Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). O óleo volátil presente nas folhas da espécie, foi extraído por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger. O óleo bruto obtido, foi submetido à análise para identificação de seus componentes por cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa, cromatografia a gás e cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG/EM) com banco de dados. Dentre 38 componentes reconhecidos, 34 foram identificados. A planta é rica em óleo essencial contendo linalol (11,1%), componente de grande valor comercial para a indústria de cosméticos e na indústria farmacêutica, óxido de cariofileno (11,8%), beta-cariofileno (6,3%), beta-selineno (6,9%) e alfa-cadinol (7,5%). / One of the most important species of Myrtaceae, commonly known in the Atlantic coast shore of São Paulo State, is Campomanesia phaea L, \'cambuci\'. It is widespread near the seashore, utilized not only in folklore medicine, due to a high tanin content of its stem bark, but also due to the exotic fruits that offers special flavor in alcoholic beverages. Botanical, chemical and farmacological approach has been performed to study the plant. Acute toxicity test has been perform in mice and the antimicrobial studies were performed against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). The composition of the water-destilled volatile oil in the leaves has been analysed using gas chromatography, GC/MS and TLC . Among 38 compounds recorded by GC, GC-MS and TLC, 34 components were identified. The volatile oil was found to be rich in linalool (11,1%), important substance that can be utilized in pharmacy and cosmetics, caryophyllene oxyde (11,8%), beta-caryophyllene (6,3%), beta-selinene (6,9%), and alfa-cadinol (7,5%).

Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) O. Kuntze, conhecido popularmente no Brasil como carrapichinho pertence à família Asteraceae e é utilizado na medicina popular como hepatoprotetora, diaforética, antiblenorrágica, antimalárica, entre outras funções. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a espécie sob o aspecto botânico, químico e farmacológico. Assim, folhas e caules foram analisados macro e microscopicamente, contribuindo no auxílio da diagnose da espécie. Os órgãos em estudo foram submetidos a ensaios preliminares para a pesquisa dos principais grupos de princípios ativos provenientes do metabolismo secundário dos vegetais. Diferentes extratos foram obtidos por percolação e por decocção, sendo alguns deseus componentes isolados por CCD preparativa e identificadas por CG/EM. O óleoessencial do vegetal, coletado em diferentes épocas do ano e variados estágios de desenvolvimento, foi obtido em aparelho de Clevenger modificado, sendo que sua composição também foi analisada por CG/EM. O extrato clorofórmico e o extrato hidroetanólico liofilizado (EHL) foram avaliados quanto à atividade antimalárica e antileishmania. Com o EHL foi realizado também ensaio de atividade antiúlcera em ratos Wistar Hannover fêmeas e atividade antimicrobiana em bactérias e fungos. A espécie em estudo, nas condições deste trabalho, apresentou flavonóides, taninos, saponinas, óleo essencial e mucilagens. O extrato clorofórmico e hidroetanólico liofilizado, nas concentrações de 100 µg/mL, provocaram 100% de morte dos protozoários de Plasmodium chabaudi AJ, porém ambos não apresentaram atividade em promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) chagasi nesta concentração. O EHL na concentração de 10 mg/mL demonstrou significativa atividade antifúngica contra o Aspergillus niger, não apresentando nenhuma atividade para Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Candida albicans. O mesmo extrato, na concentração de 400 mg/kg, administrada por via oral, mostrou-se com atividade antiúlcera aguda significativa, reduzindo a Área Total de Lesão (ATL) em 49,13% em relação ao controle. O óleo essencial, nas condições do experimento, apresentou diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas quando comparado a estudos já realizados, sendo constituído em sua maioria por sesquiterpenos dos grupos cadinano (α-cadinol e δ-cadineno), cariofilano (β-cariofileno) e, principalmente, germacrano (globulol). As análises permitiram concluir ainda que o isômero do espatulenol é o componente exclusivo e majoritário do óleo essencial de caule e o isômero do globulol, o componente presente em maior quantidade no óleo quando o vegetal encontra-se em fase de floração. / Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) O. Kuntze, known popularly in Brazil as carrapichinho belongs to the family Asteraceae and it is used in the tradicional medicine as hepatic protector, diaforetic, blenorragic activity, antimalarial activity among others. The objective of the present work was to study this species under the aspect botanical, chemical and pharmacological. Thus, leaves and stems were analyzed macro and microscopic contributing in the aid of the diagnosis of species.The aerial parts in study were submitted to preliminary phytochemical screening for the research of the main groups of secondary metabolites of plants. Difterent extracts were obtained by percolation and for decoction being some of their components, isolated for TLC preparative and identified for GC/MS. The essential oil of the plants, collected at different seasons of the year and different development stadiums, it was obtained in a Clevenger apparatus, and it composition, was also analyzed by GC/MS. The chloroformic extract and liofilized hidroethanolic extract (LHE) were assayed for the antimalarial and antileishmania activities. Using LHE it was also assayed for the anti ulcer activity in mice Wistar Hannover females and antimicrobial activity in bacteria and fungi. The species in study, in conditions of this work, presented flavonoids, tannins, saponnins, essential oil and mucilages. The chloroformic extract and LHE in the concentrations of 100 µg/mL caused 100% of death in the blood forms of Plasmodium chabaudi AJ, however none of them presented activity in blood forms of Leishmania (L.) chagasi in this concentration. LHE in the concentration of 10 mg/mL presented significant antifungal activity against the Aspergillus niger, and no activity against Staphy/ococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The same extract, in the concentration of 400 mg/kg, administered orally, presented significant antiulcerogenic activity, reducing the Total Area of Lesion (TAL) in 49,13% in relation to the control. The essential oil, in the conditions of the experiment, presented qualitative and quantitative difterences when compared to previous studies and constituted in its majority by sesquiterpenes of the cadinano groups (α-cadinol and δ-cadinene), caryophyllano (β-caryophyllene) and mainly, germacrano (globulol). The analyses still permit to conclude that the isomer of the spathulenol is the exclusive and mayor component of the essential oil in the stem. Isomer of the globulol is the representative present in mayor amount in the oil when the plant is in flower stadium

Campomanesia phaea L, espécie da família Myrtaceae, popularmente denominada de \'cambuci\' foi estudada através de uma abordagem botânica, química e farmacológica. A planta foi coletada e é cultivada no Instituto de Agronomia da Estação Experimental de Ubatuba no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. O estudo morfo-anatômico das folhas foi realizado conjuntamente com uma triagem fitoquímica de seus constituintes químicos mais importantes e seus extratos foram ensaiados farmacológica e microbiologicamente. O ensaio de toxicidade aguda foi realizado em camundongos e a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada com o extrato liofilizado contra bactérias Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), em levedura, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), e bolor, Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). O óleo volátil presente nas folhas da espécie, foi extraído por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger. O óleo bruto obtido, foi submetido à análise para identificação de seus componentes por cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa, cromatografia a gás e cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG/EM) com banco de dados. Dentre 38 componentes reconhecidos, 34 foram identificados. A planta é rica em óleo essencial contendo linalol (11,1%), componente de grande valor comercial para a indústria de cosméticos e na indústria farmacêutica, óxido de cariofileno (11,8%), beta-cariofileno (6,3%), beta-selineno (6,9%) e alfa-cadinol (7,5%). / One of the most important species of Myrtaceae, commonly known in the Atlantic coast shore of São Paulo State, is Campomanesia phaea L, \'cambuci\'. It is widespread near the seashore, utilized not only in folklore medicine, due to a high tanin content of its stem bark, but also due to the exotic fruits that offers special flavor in alcoholic beverages. Botanical, chemical and farmacological approach has been performed to study the plant. Acute toxicity test has been perform in mice and the antimicrobial studies were performed against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). The composition of the water-destilled volatile oil in the leaves has been analysed using gas chromatography, GC/MS and TLC . Among 38 compounds recorded by GC, GC-MS and TLC, 34 components were identified. The volatile oil was found to be rich in linalool (11,1%), important substance that can be utilized in pharmacy and cosmetics, caryophyllene oxyde (11,8%), beta-caryophyllene (6,3%), beta-selinene (6,9%), and alfa-cadinol (7,5%).

Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) O. Kuntze, conhecido popularmente no Brasil como carrapichinho pertence à família Asteraceae e é utilizado na medicina popular como hepatoprotetora, diaforética, antiblenorrágica, antimalárica, entre outras funções. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a espécie sob o aspecto botânico, químico e farmacológico. Assim, folhas e caules foram analisados macro e microscopicamente, contribuindo no auxílio da diagnose da espécie. Os órgãos em estudo foram submetidos a ensaios preliminares para a pesquisa dos principais grupos de princípios ativos provenientes do metabolismo secundário dos vegetais. Diferentes extratos foram obtidos por percolação e por decocção, sendo alguns deseus componentes isolados por CCD preparativa e identificadas por CG/EM. O óleoessencial do vegetal, coletado em diferentes épocas do ano e variados estágios de desenvolvimento, foi obtido em aparelho de Clevenger modificado, sendo que sua composição também foi analisada por CG/EM. O extrato clorofórmico e o extrato hidroetanólico liofilizado (EHL) foram avaliados quanto à atividade antimalárica e antileishmania. Com o EHL foi realizado também ensaio de atividade antiúlcera em ratos Wistar Hannover fêmeas e atividade antimicrobiana em bactérias e fungos. A espécie em estudo, nas condições deste trabalho, apresentou flavonóides, taninos, saponinas, óleo essencial e mucilagens. O extrato clorofórmico e hidroetanólico liofilizado, nas concentrações de 100 µg/mL, provocaram 100% de morte dos protozoários de Plasmodium chabaudi AJ, porém ambos não apresentaram atividade em promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) chagasi nesta concentração. O EHL na concentração de 10 mg/mL demonstrou significativa atividade antifúngica contra o Aspergillus niger, não apresentando nenhuma atividade para Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Candida albicans. O mesmo extrato, na concentração de 400 mg/kg, administrada por via oral, mostrou-se com atividade antiúlcera aguda significativa, reduzindo a Área Total de Lesão (ATL) em 49,13% em relação ao controle. O óleo essencial, nas condições do experimento, apresentou diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas quando comparado a estudos já realizados, sendo constituído em sua maioria por sesquiterpenos dos grupos cadinano (α-cadinol e δ-cadineno), cariofilano (β-cariofileno) e, principalmente, germacrano (globulol). As análises permitiram concluir ainda que o isômero do espatulenol é o componente exclusivo e majoritário do óleo essencial de caule e o isômero do globulol, o componente presente em maior quantidade no óleo quando o vegetal encontra-se em fase de floração. / Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) O. Kuntze, known popularly in Brazil as carrapichinho belongs to the family Asteraceae and it is used in the tradicional medicine as hepatic protector, diaforetic, blenorragic activity, antimalarial activity among others. The objective of the present work was to study this species under the aspect botanical, chemical and pharmacological. Thus, leaves and stems were analyzed macro and microscopic contributing in the aid of the diagnosis of species.The aerial parts in study were submitted to preliminary phytochemical screening for the research of the main groups of secondary metabolites of plants. Difterent extracts were obtained by percolation and for decoction being some of their components, isolated for TLC preparative and identified for GC/MS. The essential oil of the plants, collected at different seasons of the year and different development stadiums, it was obtained in a Clevenger apparatus, and it composition, was also analyzed by GC/MS. The chloroformic extract and liofilized hidroethanolic extract (LHE) were assayed for the antimalarial and antileishmania activities. Using LHE it was also assayed for the anti ulcer activity in mice Wistar Hannover females and antimicrobial activity in bacteria and fungi. The species in study, in conditions of this work, presented flavonoids, tannins, saponnins, essential oil and mucilages. The chloroformic extract and LHE in the concentrations of 100 µg/mL caused 100% of death in the blood forms of Plasmodium chabaudi AJ, however none of them presented activity in blood forms of Leishmania (L.) chagasi in this concentration. LHE in the concentration of 10 mg/mL presented significant antifungal activity against the Aspergillus niger, and no activity against Staphy/ococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The same extract, in the concentration of 400 mg/kg, administered orally, presented significant antiulcerogenic activity, reducing the Total Area of Lesion (TAL) in 49,13% in relation to the control. The essential oil, in the conditions of the experiment, presented qualitative and quantitative difterences when compared to previous studies and constituted in its majority by sesquiterpenes of the cadinano groups (α-cadinol and δ-cadinene), caryophyllano (β-caryophyllene) and mainly, germacrano (globulol). The analyses still permit to conclude that the isomer of the spathulenol is the exclusive and mayor component of the essential oil in the stem. Isomer of the globulol is the representative present in mayor amount in the oil when the plant is in flower stadium

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-26T21:27:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Chanderlei de C Tavares.pdf: 3598034 bytes, checksum: ec1ae92c404be1c0901e86af54432f90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T14:09:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Chanderlei de C Tavares.pdf: 3598034 bytes, checksum: ec1ae92c404be1c0901e86af54432f90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T14:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Chanderlei de C Tavares.pdf: 3598034 bytes, checksum: ec1ae92c404be1c0901e86af54432f90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T14:12:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Chanderlei de C Tavares.pdf: 3598034 bytes, checksum: ec1ae92c404be1c0901e86af54432f90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Eschweilera ovalifolia (DC.) Nied. is a plant native to Brazil but, not endemic. Can be found in the stat of Amazonas and in countries that are parts of the international Amazon. Popularly known as castanharana (Brazil) and machimango (Peru), it is a unique tree periodically flooded region, reaching approximately 20-30 m in height. The aim of this work was the chemical study of the hexane extract of the leaves branches and fruits Eschweilera ovalifolia (DC) Nied. (Lecythidaceae), collected in Maués-AM. For both, samples were dried in an oven circulating air and milled in order to obtain the hexane extracts. Phytochemical screening was performed on hydroalcoholic and 20% aqueous extracts of the organs studied. The hexane extract of the leaves was fractionated by column chromatography (CC) and the crude extract and its fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the hexane extracts of branches and fruits were analyzed directly GC-MS. Phytochemical screening suggested that there are differences in chemical composition between the organs of the plant under study, moreover, suggested the absence of coumarins and anthraquinones for all organs studied. After analysis by GC-MS were identified hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes and tocopherols in nonpolar extracts of leaves, branches and fruit. Therefore, chemically parts studied showed no dramatic diferences. / Eschweilera ovalifolia (DC) Nied. (Lecythidaceae) é uma planta nativa do Brasil, porém não endêmica. Pode ser encontrada no estado do Amazonas e em países que fazem parte da Amazônia internacional. Popularmente conhecida como castanharana (Brasil) e machimango (Peru), é uma árvore exclusiva de região periodicamente alagada, podendo atingir aproximadamente de 20-30 m de altura. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo químico do extrato hexânico das folhas, galhos e frutos de E. ovalifolia, coletada em Maués-AM. Para tanto, as amostras foram secadas em estufa de ar circulante e trituradas, a fim de se obter os extratos hexânicos. Triagem fitoquímica foi realizada sobre extratos hidroalcoólico e aquoso a 20% dos órgãos estudados. O extrato hexânico das folhas foi fracionado por cromatografia em coluna aberta (CC) e o extrato bruto e suas frações analisaram-se por cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), enquanto que os extratos hexânicos dos galhos e frutos foram analisados diretamente por CG-EM. A triagem fitoquímica sugeriu haver diferenças na constituição química entre os órgãos do vegetal em estudo, além disso, sugeriu ausência de cumarinas e antraquinonas para todos os órgãos estudados. Após análise por CG-EM foram identificados hidrocarbonetos, ácidos graxos, sesquiterpenos, diterpenos, triterpenos e tocoferóis nos extratos apolares das folhas, galhos e frutos. Portanto, quimicamente as partes estudadas não apresentaram diferenças drásticas.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-13T13:23:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Yanne Sousa Fernandes - 2014.pdf: 4295000 bytes, checksum: 268e48879f51fac0600951230429078e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-13T13:24:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Yanne Sousa Fernandes - 2014.pdf: 4295000 bytes, checksum: 268e48879f51fac0600951230429078e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-13T13:24:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Yanne Sousa Fernandes - 2014.pdf: 4295000 bytes, checksum: 268e48879f51fac0600951230429078e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Cerrado rupestre is a subtype of arboreal-shrub vegetation that occurs in rupestrian and rocky habitats. Trichogonia eupatorioides (Gardner) R. M. King & H. Rob belongs to the tribe Eupatorieae of the family Asteraceae, and it is endemic to Brazil. Given the scant knowledge of the botanical traits of this species, the present study aimed to describe the morpho-anatomy of leaves and stems, characterize and identify developmental stages of glandular trichomes, detect the presence of metabolites by phytochemical screening, and determine the composition of the essential oil from aerial vegetative and reproductive parts of T. eupatorioides from a cerrado rupestre area. Samples of T. eupatorioides were collected from the Biological Reserve “Prof. José Ângelo Rizzo” of Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Fully expanded leaves, stems, stem apices, flowers and involucral bracts were used for the morpho-anatomical study and to describe glandular trichomes. Aerial vegetative and reproductive organs were used for the phytochemical study. T. eupatorioides shares anatomical traits with other species described in the literature, such as amphistomatic leaves, anomocytic and anisocytic stomata, epidermal cells with sinuous anticlinal walls and thick external periclinal walls, glandular and non-glandular trichomes, endodermis with starch and Casparian strips, fibers associated to the vascular bundle, and secretory ducts. The glandular trichomes secrete essential oils and phenolic compounds and may be uniseriate or biseriate. The differentiation of the glandular trichomes begins with the expansion of a protodermal cell. The first division is anticlinal for biseriate trichomes, and periclinal for uniseriate ones. The phytochemical screening identified flavonoid and cardiac glycosides and coumarins. Twenty components of the essential oil were identified; of these, 95% were sesquiterpenes. The major components were the sesquiterpenes 3,5-muuroladiene (39.56%), butylated hydroxytoluene (13.07%), and (E)-caryophyllene (5.63%). / O Cerrado Rupestre é um subtipo de vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva que ocorre em ambientes rupestres e rochosos. Trichogonia eupatorioides (Gardner) R. M. King & H. Rob é uma Asteraceae, da tribo Eupatorieae e é endêmica do Brasil. Tendo em vista que a espécie é pouco conhecida sob ponto de vista botânico, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfoanatomia da folha e caule de T. eupatorioides ocorrente em área de Cerrado Rupestre, caracterizar e identificar etapas do desenvolvimento dos tricomas glandulares, bem como detectar a presença de metabólitos por prospecção fitoquímica e determinar a composição do óleo essencial em seus órgãos reprodutivos e vegetativos aéreos. Amostras de T. eupatorioides foram coletadas na Reserva Biológica da Universidade Federal de Goiás “Prof. José Ângelo Rizzo”. Para o estudo morfoanatômico e para a caracterização dos tricomas glandulares foram utilizadas folhas completamente expandidas, caules, ápices caulinares, flores e brácteas involucrais. O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado em órgãos aéreos vegetativos e reprodutivos. T. eupatorioides apresenta características anatômicas comuns à outras espécies citadas na literatura como folha anfiestomática, estômatos anomocíticos e anisocíticos, células epidérmicas com paredes anticlinais sinuosas e periclinais externas espessas, tricomas glandulars e tectores, endoderme com amido e estrias de Caspary, fibras associadas ao feixe vascular, e ductos secretores. Os tricomas glandulares são unisseriados e bisseriados e secretam óleos essenciais e compostos fenólicos. A diferenciação dos tricomas glandulares inicia-se com a expansão de uma célula protodérmica; nos tricomas bisseriados a primeira divisão desta célula é anticlinal e no unisseriado é periclinal. Na prospecção fitoquímica foram identificados heterosídeos flavonóides, heterosídeos cardioativos e cumarinas. Foram identificados vinte componentes do óleo essencial, 95% destes são sesquiterpenos. Os compostos majoritários foram os sesquiterpenos 3,5 -muuroladieno com 39,56%, Hidroxitolueno butilado com 13,07%, e o E-cariofileno com 5,63%.