Riparian vegetation is one of the most complex and abundant ecosystems in the world and it provides important ecosystem services. These services are affected by electricity production from hydropower dams. Hydropower accounts for 16% of the global electricity production and almost 50% in Sweden. One effect of hydropower is sub-daily fluctuations of water level caused by the turbines being turned on and off according to electricity demand. This is referred to as hydropeaking and has largely unknown effects on the fluvial ecosystem, and especially on the riparian vegetation. No studies have been made on the effects of hydropeaking on riparian vegetation. In this study, three native plants (Carex acuta, Betula pubescens and Salix phylicifolia x myrsinifolia) and one non-native plant (Helianthus annuus) were used as indicators (i.e., phytometers) for the effects of hydropeaking along two rivers from northern Sweden; one used for hydropower production and the other free flowing. From each of the four species, seedlings of two sizes and seeds were transplanted into five different river reaches and bank elevations along a hydropeaking gradient from none to high hydropeaking intensity. C. acuta and S. phylicifolia x myrsinifolia showed significant positive relationships to the hydropeaking gradient, likely due to their natural high tolerance to frequent inundation events. Therefore, they are suitable for restoration of river shores along reaches affected by hydropeaking. In contrast, B. pubescens was negatively related to the hydropeaking gradient, losing leaves and biomass with increasing hydropeaking intensities. It turned out to be the most sensitive species among the ones used in the experiment making it suitable as an indicator. H. annuus showed no response and therefore did not serve as impact indicator or for restoration. Germination for all native species was significantly lower along the reaches affected by hydropeaking which indicates a strong connection between hydropeaking and germination. These findings showed that recruitment becomes a bottleneck in riparian communities’ conservation along rivers affected by hydropeaking, and highlight the importance of mitigation actions focused on favoring riparian species seeds’ germination.

The difference in the ability of plants to obtain resources has been used to predict the competition outcomes. Competitive interactions between plants can be influenced by trophic interactions. If mycorrhizae increase the growth of inferior competitors, then it can prevent competitive exclusion. I examined the effect of mycorrhizae on competitive interactions and found that inferior competitors had slow growth in the absence of mycorrhizae, but greater growth with mycorrhizae. By providing greater growth responses to inferior versus superior competitors, mycorrhizae promoted coexistence. In a separate experiment, I looked at the effects of whole soil biota on competitive ability. Coexistence can occur if dominant competitors experience negative feedback and or if inferior competitors experience positive feedback. I examined Plantago lanceolata L. specific feedback effects on competitive ability of 21 co-occurring species. I found that feedback effects did not affect hierarchies, and that positive feedback did not improve species competitive ability. / NSERC (Natural Science and Engineering Research Council), University of Guelph, Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship for Science and Technology

L’intensification de l’agriculture et la simplification biologique des agroécosystèmes conduit à une perte des fonctions écosystémiques tandis que le contrôle chimique des bioagresseurs (BAG) n’est pas durable. La diversification des agroécosystèmes est plébiscitée de manière croissante pour restaurer les interactions positives entre les plantes, telles que la régulation des BAG, au bénéfice des cultures. Mais la diversification bien qu’elle implique un partage des ressources ne doit pas se faire au détriment des rendements. Si la diversité végétale est le support de services de régulation des BAG, quel devrait être le niveau de ces régulations pour compenser les pertes de rendement liées à la compétition pour les ressources ? Quelles devraient-être la composition et la structure de la communauté de plantes pour optimiser de façon synergique les régulations de multiple BAG et la production ? J’ai d’abord quantifié par modélisation théorique les niveaux minimum de régulation des BAG requis pour compenser les pertes de rendement dues à la compétition, dans différents scénarios d’association et de ressources. J’ai ensuite réalisé une étude de terrain pour étudier les régulations écologiques de trois importants BAG du bananier dans un gradient de complexité végétale. Enfin, j’ai quantifié la part d’écart de rendement attribuable aux BAG et aux ressources. Je discute des interactions entre dégâts des BAG et compétition pour les ressources à l’échelle de la plante, des mécanismes de régulations écologiques des BAG du bananier et de la gestion de la végétation à l’échelle de la parcelle pour la régulation synergique des BAG et l’optimisation des rendements. / Agriculture intensification and biological simplification of agroecosystems lead to the loss of ecosystem functions while chemical control of pests is not sustainable. Agroecosystem plant diversification is increasingly recognized as a way to restore positive interactions among plants benefiting crops, such as pest regulations. But diversification that causes resource sharing must not be done at yields’ expense. If vegetation complexity is the basis for pest regulation services, what should be the level of the regulations to compensate for yield losses due to competition for resources? What should be the composition and structure of the plant community to synergistically optimize multiple pest regulations and yields? First, I quantified by theoretical modeling the minimal levels of pest regulation required to compensate for yield losses due to competition in various association and resource scenarios. I then conducted a field study to study the ecological regulations of three important pests of bananas along a vegetation complexity gradient. Finally, I quantified the amount of yield losses attributable to pests and resources. I discuss the interactions between pest damage and resource competition at plant scale, the mechanisms implied in ecological regulations of the three banana pests and the management of the plant community at field scale for the synergic regulation of multiple pests and yield optimization.

<p>The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the ecological consequences of buffer strip retention on riparian and terrestrial biodiversity. Earlier studies on forest buffer strips have evaluated their effectiveness in relation to water quality and aquatic biota. However, forests along streams are species rich habitats for many organism groups. Buffer strip management is assumed to be important also for protecting such species. Current approaches to biodiversity-oriented forest management practices need to be scientifically evaluated. In this thesis the effects on bryophytes and land snails have been evaluated.</p><p>A before-and-after experiment along 15 small streams in northern Sweden showed that buffer strips of 10 m on each side of the stream moderated the negative effects exhibited at the clear-cuts. The number of land snail species remained similar as to before logging and the number of vanished bryophyte species was lower in the buffer strips than in the clear-cuts. The ground moisture influenced the survival rate of land snails at the clear-cuts. At mesic sites many species vanished but at wet sites the snail fauna was unaffected by the logging.</p><p>Many bryophyte species, most of them liverworts, decreased or disappeared in the buffer strips. These were mostly growing on substrates elevated from the forest floor, such as logs, stumps and tree-bases. A number of nationally red-listed species, sensitive for changes in microclimate, were among those decreasing most. Thus, for the species in most need of protection the buffer strips were too narrow.</p><p>An experiment with bryophyte transplants followed over a season showed that wet ground moisture moderated the negative edge effects in narrow buffer strips. On the other hand, the growth in mesic and moist sites was almost as low as in comparable clear-cuts.</p><p>Microclimatic edge effects are stronger at south facing than north-facing edges of forest clear-cuts. This was shown in an experiment using bryophyte growth as an indicator of differences in microclimate. However, the depth of edge influence seemed to be similar between north- and south-facing forest edges, >30 m for one species. An explanation for this could be that wind penetrates deeper into edges than solar radiation and has a more variable direction.</p><p>In conclusion, narrow buffer strips consist entirely of edge habitat. For many species the environment in buffer strips is good enough for persistence. For others, most notably bryophyte species on convex substrates, wider buffer strips are needed to ensure long-term survival. </p>

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the ecological consequences of buffer strip retention on riparian and terrestrial biodiversity. Earlier studies on forest buffer strips have evaluated their effectiveness in relation to water quality and aquatic biota. However, forests along streams are species rich habitats for many organism groups. Buffer strip management is assumed to be important also for protecting such species. Current approaches to biodiversity-oriented forest management practices need to be scientifically evaluated. In this thesis the effects on bryophytes and land snails have been evaluated. A before-and-after experiment along 15 small streams in northern Sweden showed that buffer strips of 10 m on each side of the stream moderated the negative effects exhibited at the clear-cuts. The number of land snail species remained similar as to before logging and the number of vanished bryophyte species was lower in the buffer strips than in the clear-cuts. The ground moisture influenced the survival rate of land snails at the clear-cuts. At mesic sites many species vanished but at wet sites the snail fauna was unaffected by the logging. Many bryophyte species, most of them liverworts, decreased or disappeared in the buffer strips. These were mostly growing on substrates elevated from the forest floor, such as logs, stumps and tree-bases. A number of nationally red-listed species, sensitive for changes in microclimate, were among those decreasing most. Thus, for the species in most need of protection the buffer strips were too narrow. An experiment with bryophyte transplants followed over a season showed that wet ground moisture moderated the negative edge effects in narrow buffer strips. On the other hand, the growth in mesic and moist sites was almost as low as in comparable clear-cuts. Microclimatic edge effects are stronger at south facing than north-facing edges of forest clear-cuts. This was shown in an experiment using bryophyte growth as an indicator of differences in microclimate. However, the depth of edge influence seemed to be similar between north- and south-facing forest edges, &gt;30 m for one species. An explanation for this could be that wind penetrates deeper into edges than solar radiation and has a more variable direction. In conclusion, narrow buffer strips consist entirely of edge habitat. For many species the environment in buffer strips is good enough for persistence. For others, most notably bryophyte species on convex substrates, wider buffer strips are needed to ensure long-term survival.