No description available.

M.Sc. (Biochemistry) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Marcos Antonio Machado / Resumo: Phytophthora parasitica, principal causador da gomose dos citros, é um importante patógeno dos citros provocando danos em viveiros e no campo. Programas de melhoramento visando obtenção de plantas resistentes a P. parasitica exigem informações detalhadas sobre o tipo de herança e a localização de genes de resistência no genoma. Fontes de resistência às doenças podem ser encontradas em gêneros correlatos a citros como Poncirus sp. O presente estudo teve como objetivos detectar e verificar a estabilidade de marcadores moleculares e locos controladores de características quantitativas (QTLs) ligados à resistência a gomose em uma progênie F1 obtida do cruzamento entre Citrus sunki vs. Poncirus trifoliata 'Rubidoux'. As avaliações fenotípicas de três conjuntos de dados de 3 épocas de avaliação distintas foram incorporadas às informações dos mapas de ligação estabelecidos através de marcadores moleculares do tipo RAPD. Plantas jovens foram inoculadas com o patógeno, usando o método do disco e avaliadas medindo-se o comprimento da lesão. A estratégia do 'pseudo-testcross' foi adotada como delineamento genético. Os QTLs foram mapeados utilizando o método do mapeamento por intervalo composto (CIM) com o programa QTLCartographer v.1.25. A partir das média de todos os experimentos, foram identificadas 5 posições nos grupos de ligação II, III e V de P. trifoliata associadas à gomose de Phytophthora. Em 2 posições observou-se uma correlação na detecção de QTLs para as avaliações realizadas em duas das três épocas. Demonstrado desta forma a ocorrência da interação genótipo ambiente. / Abstract: P. parasitica, is the most important main causal agent of Citrus Phytophthora gummosis in Brazil and hve caused damage in nurseries and orchards. Improving resistence programs to get resistant to P. parasitica have been detailed information about the inheritance and gene localization resistance. Source of disease resistance can be found in correlated genera like Poncirus trifoliata. The present study had the objective of detecting molecular markers associated to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Citrus Phytophthora gummosis using F1 lineage obtained between Citrus sunki vs. Poncirus trifoliata 'Rubidoux' cross. Phenotypical evaluations will be incorporated in linkage maps established through RAPD molecular markers. Young plants were inoculated with P. parasitica, using the disc method and evaluated after one month measuring lesions length. Pseudo-testcross strategy was be used for genetic outlining. All this information were evaluated in specific genetic-statistical programs. QTLs were mapped using the method of the maps for composed interval (CIM) with the program QTLCartographer v.1.25. CIM. Starting from the average of all of the experiments, they were identified 2 positions in the group of connection II of P. trifoliata associated with gomose of Phytophthora. In each area a correlation was observed in the detection of QTLs for the evaluations accomplished in two of the three times... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Breeding Port-Orford-cedar for resistance to Phytophthora lateralis, a causal agent of root disease, begins by screening, through artificial inoculation, phenotypically resistant trees selected from natural stands. The successful program selected tolerant or resistant POC parent trees for the purpose of disease management. Candidate resistant POCs were used in my dissertation to: 1. validate screening methods such as stem- and root-dip inoculation; 2. test for increased virulence of P. lateralis; and 3. evaluate detection techniques. The results showed that the established screening methods were appropriate, and no evidence of changed virulence was found. A PCR technique was more reliable than other techniques for detection of P. lateralis in seedlings. An additional test for foliar infection showed that initial penetration through wounds and natural openings was possible. POC seedlings and rooted cuttings from resistant and susceptible families were used to demonstrate resistance mechanisms. In order to explain the mechanisms at the cellular level, the susceptible response of POC seedlings to P. lateralis was first observed with light microscopy. Zoospores encysted on lateral roots, germinated, and penetrated by means of appressoria. Direct penetration between epidermal cells was common but penetration through epidermal cell walls was also observed. The hyphae colonized the root cortex inter- and intracellularly. Wound inoculation on stems resulted in inter- and intra cellular hyphal growth in cambial, sieve, and parenchyma cells in the secondary phloem. Several resistance mechanisms were observed: 1) there was a difference in zoospore attraction between susceptible and certain resistant POCs revealed by microscopic observation, direct count of encysted zoospores, and quantitative real-time PCR; 2) the frequency of encystment, penetration, and colonization of resistant seedlings was much lower than susceptible seedlings, but no differences in infection pathway were observed by means of light or electron microscopy; 3) collapsed cell walls were present in resistant POCs showing increased cell wall thickness, wall appositions, and electron dense materials. / Graduation date: 2005

Phytophthora pini Leonian, recently re-established from P. citricola I, is a pathogen with a wide range of forest and nursery hosts. It causes foliar infections in horticultural nurseries in Oregon, where recirculating irrigation systems are common. Increased use of recirculating irrigation systems may contribute to disease caused by waterborne plant pathogens. Simulated nursery chamber experiments were utilized to investigate the relationship between Phytophthora pini zoospore inoculum dose and disease on Rhododendron. Disease incidence in this system was unexpectedly low despite high inoculum levels tested, so further experiments under lab conditions were conducted to explore possible causes. Detached leaf assays were conducted to determine how inoculum dose, leaf wounding, and agitation of zoospore inoculum affected foliar infection of Rhododendron. Wounded and nonwounded leaves were dipped into suspensions of zoospores that were either untreated, mechanically agitated by vortexing to cause encystment, or pumped through an irrigation sprayer system. Disease severity (lesion area) and incidence (number of lesions per leaf area) were measured over seven days. At inoculum levels of ���10,000 propagules/mL, motile zoospores infected both wounded and nonwounded leaves. Vortexing or pumping resulted in zoospore encystment, and inoculation with these treatments caused disease almost exclusively on wounded leaves. No disease symptoms were observed following inoculation with any inocula at ��� 2,000 propagules/mL. Scanning electron microscopy of leaves inoculated with encysted propagules showed germinated cysts with hyphae growing over and around stomata without entering leaf tissue until reaching a wound site. Nonwounded leaves inoculated with motile spores showed stomata penetrated by hyphae. These findings indicate the importance of zoospore motility in reaching suitable infection sites, and demonstrate the impact of zoospore encystment on disease development. This has implications for disease management in nurseries where pruning wounds are common and the pumping of infested irrigation water may influence zoospore motility and infectivity. / Graduation date: 2013