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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Speed of word retrieval across neurotypical and aphasic participants : an investigation of novel assessment and treatment methods

Sotiropoulou Drosopoulou, Christina January 2016 (has links)
Word finding difficulties (WFD) and slowing down both in linguistic comprehension and production are standard characteristics of people as they grow older. WFD also commonly occur in aphasia and are considered one of the most pervasive symptoms affecting stroke participants’ everyday communication. Research on older adults’ WFD has traditionally focused on production of single words when completing picture naming tasks, while very little is known about how much these WFD can compromise connected speech. Similarly, while picture naming tasks have typically been used for assessing and treating word finding problems in clinical practice, there is a dearth of studies in the aphasiological literature investigating the relationship between confrontation naming and connected speech tasks. The thesis investigated whether a newly-developed method/treatment targeting both speed and accuracy (‘repeated increasingly speeded presentation’ - RISP) in picture naming was more effective in (a) speeding up participants without compromising accuracy, and (b) improving the use of the trained/treated names in connected speech, compared to a standard method/therapy (‘standard presentation’ - SP) which targeted accuracy alone. English-speaking, elderly participants (n=27 at Chapter 3, n= 21 at Chapter 4) and participants with aphasia of varying severity and subtype (n=5 at Chapter 5 and n=20 at Chapter 6) were asked to carry out picture naming tasks/picture naming treatments and composite picture description tasks where the composite pictures included the trained/treated items. As for the neurotypical participants, words which were retrieved more quickly in picture naming tasks were also those which were more readily available and produced in connected speech tasks. Compared to SP, RISP was found to be significantly more effective in significantly reducing picture naming latencies without inducing a speed-accuracy trade-off and with lasting effects. Finally, SP was as effective in promoting retrieval in connected speech as RISP. As for the clinical population, compared to SP, RISP was significantly more effective in improving picture naming accuracy and in maintaining the reduced RTs in the long term. In comparison to the SP, RISP crucially led to significantly higher carry-over of targeted items to connected speech. The thesis findings underlined the effectiveness of a more demanding single word training method/treatment in improving lexical retrieval in confrontation naming for neurotypical participants and in enhancing connected speech for participants with aphasia.
2

Aphasie secondaire à un accident vasculaire cérébral impliquant l’artère cérébrale moyenne gauche : étude longitudinale en diffusion et caractérisation de l’anomie dans le discours au stade subaigu précoce

Boucher, Johémie 08 1900 (has links)
Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Ph. D. recherche et intervention en psychologie, option neuropsychologie clinique / L’aphasie survient le plus souvent à la suite d’un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) ischémique touchant l’artère cérébrale moyenne (ACM) gauche et représente l’une des conséquences les plus dévastatrices d’un AVC. La présente thèse vise à répondre à deux lacunes scientifiques importantes dans le domaine de l’aphasie secondaire à l’AVC impliquant l’ACM gauche, la première, plus fondamentale, et la seconde, plus clinique. Dans un premier temps, alors que les effets de l’AVC ischémique sur la matière grise ont été largement documentés dans les études précédentes, les mécanismes sous-tendant les dommages à la matière blanche cérébrale demeurent peu étudiés. Ainsi, le premier article inclus dans cette thèse vise à décrire le patron d’évolution longitudinale des propriétés microstructurelles de la matière blanche ipsilésionnelle après un AVC ischémique impliquant l’ACM gauche, en utilisant l’imagerie par résonance magnétique de diffusion. Nos résultats suggèrent que différents mécanismes pathophysiologiques s’opèrent pendant les stades aigu, subaigu précoce et chronique de l’AVC, avec la matière blanche lésionnelle et la matière blanche périlésionnelle affectée par l’ischémie à différents degrés et selon un décours temporel différent. Nous montrons que la considération d’une combinaison de mesures de diffusion à différents temps de mesure peut nous informer par rapport à la nature des différents mécanismes pathophysiologiques en cours, incluant l’oedème cellulaire, les dommages axonaux et la dégradation de la gaine de myéline. Une autre question qui demeure peu explorée dans la littérature sur l’aphasie post-AVC concerne la façon dont l’anomie, son symptôme cardinal, est reflétée dans la production de discours aux stades précoces du trouble. Le second article de cette thèse vise donc à évaluer la relation entre les mesures quantitatives de la production de discours et la performance dans le contexte de tâches de dénomination d’images au stade subaigu précoce de l’aphasie post-AVC impliquant l’ACM gauche (8-14 jours post-AVC). Nos résultats montrent la présence d’atteintes pour plusieurs mesures micro- et macrolinguistiques du discours chez les personnes avec aphasie et indiquent que l’informativité du discours (unités de contenu sémantique) est la mesure discursive la plus fortement corrélée aux capacités de dénomination. Nos résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont l’anomie est reflétée dans le contexte de la production de discours continu chez les personnes avec aphasie post-AVC dans la phase précoce du trouble. Ils suggèrent également que l’évaluation quantitative du discours peut offrir de l’information unique et potentiellement plus complexe à propos des atteintes langagières précoces, laquelle ne peut être entièrement captée par une tâche de dénomination d’images. / Post-stroke aphasia most frequently occurs after an ischemic stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and represents one of the most devastating consequences of a stroke. This thesis aims to address two major scientific gaps in the field of post-stroke aphasia: the first one is more fundamental, and the second one, more clinical. First, while the effects of ischemic stroke on cerebral grey matter have been thoroughly described in previous literature, the mechanisms of ischemic white matter injury remain far less understood. The first article of this thesis aims to characterize the longitudinal evolution of the microstructural properties of ipsilesional white matter after an ischemic stroke involving the left MCA, using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Our findings suggest that various pathophysiological mechanisms are at play after the ischemic stroke, with the lesional white matter and perilesional white matter tissue affected by ischemia at different rates and to different extents. We show that the examination of multiple diffusivity metrics may inform us about the mechanisms occurring at different time points, including cellular edema, axonal damage, and myelin loss. Another scientific gap in the post-stroke aphasia literature is that we do not know how anomia, its cardinal feature, is reflected in connected speech production during the early stages of the disease. The second article included in the thesis aims to assess the relationship between quantitative measures of connected speech production and performance in confrontation naming in people with aphasia in the early subacute stage following an ischemic stroke involving the left MCA (8–14 days post-stroke). We provide evidence for the presence of impairments in an array of micro- and macrolinguistic measures of speech in individuals with post-stroke aphasia and we show that confrontation naming abilities most strongly relate to informativeness in a picture description task. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of how anomia impacts connected speech production in the first days after stroke onset and suggest that quantitative discourse analysis may provide unique, possibly more complex information that isn’t entirely captured by picture naming tasks.

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