Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-213). Also available on microfiche.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-184).

Volcanism is the cause of great non-anthropogenic perturbations on the Earth climate through energy imbalance changes. There is still much to be uncovered relative to its impacts on the Southern Hemisphere, even more with respect to the Southern Ocean. The South Atlantic and its Southern Ocean sector response to volcanism are examined using simulation results from the Last Millennium Ensemble Experiment of the Community Earth System Model (CESM-LME), for the period 850-2005. Composite results point to significant changes in sea surface temperature and salinity in the first austral summer following the eruption. North of 60S, there is ocean cooling, as expected because of the higher albedo related to the volcanic forcing. In contrast, near the Antarctic Peninsula in the Weddell Sea, a local warming of ∼ 0.8ºC is observed (significant at the 90% level). Salinity shows positive anomaly (∼0.1) at the northern region off Antarctic Peninsula from the first year after the eruption to the fourth subsequent year. Oceanic surface anomalies weaken after the fifth subsequent year, however it is still present in deeper layers (∼500m). At the same time, wind stress changes are evident, results show a poleward shift (∼2º), strengthening (∼10%) of the prevailing westerlies and the reversal in direction of the meridional wind stress component in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. As consequence, there is intensification of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current southern extension. Together with the stronger westerlies, the mixing in the northern Antarctic Peninsula is enhanced, bringing up warmer subsurface waters, therefore explaining the anomalous surface warming after the eruption. The 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption response is also investigated. CESM-LME, observations and reanalysis have shown similar behavior, however for the second subsequent year, thus suggesting the occurrence of the same mechanism identified after Last Millennium eruptions. / Vulcanismo é uma das maiores causas naturais de mudanças no clima. Poucos estudos tiveram foco no seu impacto no hemisfério sul, principalmente no Oceano Austral. Desta forma, o impacto de erupções vulcânicas é investigado no Oceano Atlântico Sul incluindo o seu setor austral, em resultados do modelo CESM-LME (Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble) entre 850 e 2005. Os resultados utilizando composições mostram mudanças significativas na temperatura e salinidade da superfície do oceano no primeiro verão austral depois da erupção. Ao norte de 60S, há uma anomalia negativa de ∼ -0.8ºC na temperatura em superfície, devido ao maior albedo após a erupção. No entanto, próximo à Península Antártica no Mar de Weddell, é visto uma anomalia positiva de ∼0.8ºC (significativa a 90%). A salinidade apresenta mudanças importantes entre o primeiro e o quarto ano após a erupção, com anomalia positiva (∼0.1) ao norte da Península Antártica. A resposta ao vulcanismo em superfície desaparece no quinto ano sequente, mas permanecem anomalias em profundidade (∼500m). O campo de vento também se altera no mesmo ano, os ventos de oeste migram para sul (∼2º) e se intensificam (∼10%), além da componente meridional inverter seu sentido ao norte da Península Antártica. Como consequência, é observada intensificação da borda sul da Corrente Circumpolar Antártica. Junto com isto, há aumento da mistura próximo à Península Antártica, desta forma, águas subsuperficiais mais quentes afloram, explicando a anomalia quente após a erupção. Finalmente, é verificada a ocorrência de resposta similar após a erupção do Monte Pinatubo (1991). Resultados do CESM-LME tiveram comportamento aproximado quando comparados com dados observacionais e reanálise. O aquecimento próximo à Península Antártica é evidenciado no segundo ano após a erupção, sugerindo a ocorrência do mesmo mecanismo do último milênio.

On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, ejected 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, significantly impacting global climate and stratospheric ozone. Recharging basaltic magma mixed into the 50 km³ dacitic magma reservoir 6 to 11 km beneath Mount Pinatubo, and triggered the 1991 eruption. The result of the magma mixing was a hybrid andesite with quenched basalt inclusions that erupted as a dome between June 7 and June 12. On June 15, approximately 5 km³ of anhydrite-bearing magma was erupted from the main phenocryst-rich, dacitic reservoir. This study will utilize this extraordinary framework of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption to investigate the systematics of sulfur uptake by apatite in order to further develop apatite as a monitor for magmatic sulfur. In the dacite and hybrid andesite, apatite occurs as individual phenocrysts (up to ~200 μm diameter) or included within anhydrite, hornblende, and plagioclase phenocrysts. In the basaltic magmatic inclusions, apatite is found as acicular microphenocrysts. Electron microprobe data collected on apatite yield low- (0.7 wt.% SO₃) apatites in all juvenile products, and show that two distinct populations of apatites exist: "silicic" apatites (hosted in dacite and andesite) and basalt apatites. Apatites crystallizing from silicic melt have predominantly low- to medium-sulfur contents, but high-sulfur apatites with as much as 1.2-1.7 wt.% SO₃ occur sporadically as inclusions in plagioclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide, and anhydrite. These concentrations are much higher than what could be achieved through equilibrium crystal-melt partitioning at pre-eruption conditions (760±20°C, 220MPa, NNO+1.7, 77 ppm S in melt inclusions) and a partition coefficient of 13. Apatite in the basalt is always sulfur-rich with compositions forming a continuous array between 0.7 to 2.6 wt.% SO₃. The population of apatite that crystallized from silicic melt has elevated cerium, fluorine, and chlorine and lower magnesium concentrations (average dacite values in wt.%: 0.21 Ce₂O₃, 1.4 F, 1.1 Cl, & 0.14 MgO) relative to the population of apatite from the basalt (average basalt values in wt.%: 0.05 Ce₂O₃, 1.0 F, 0.78 Cl, & 0.22 MgO). LA-ICP-MS trace element data also show distinct apatite populations between silicic and basalt apatites. Silicic apatites have elevated REE concentrations (La avg. = 750 ppm), lower Sr (avg.= 594 ppm), and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.57) relative to basalt apatites (avg. values: 217 ppm La, 975 ppm Sr, and Eu/Eu* = 1.16). The correlation of EMP sulfur data and LA-ICP-MS trace element data show no difference between high-S and low-S silicic apatites. These compositional systematics rule out the possibility that sulfur-rich apatite from dacite are inherited from mafic magma. Sulfur element maps of apatites show no evidence of S-diffusion from anhydrite hosts. Areas of high-S concentrations show complicated patterns that suggest multiple periods of sulfur enrichment. High-S silicic apatites are likely the product of "fluid-enhanced crystallization" from early enrichment of a SO₂ rich fluid phase from the underplating basalt, which occurred prior to or at anhydrite saturation. This fluid phase is the only possible sufficient source of sulfur for generating high-S apatites in a cool, "wet", dacitic melt. The dynamics of apatite sulfur enrichment via "fluid-enhanced crystallization" is yet unclear and requires further experimental laboratory investigation.

Le rapport du Groupe Intergouvernemental d'experts sur l'Evolution du Climat de 2001 soulignait le<br />niveau très imparfait de notre compréhension de l'effet des aérosols atmosphériques sur le climat. Ces<br />particules d'origines naturelles (poussières, aérosols volcaniques...) ou anthropiques (sulfates,<br />suies...) sont une des principales sources d'incertitude sur le changement climatique. Une des raisons<br />à cela est leur très grande variabilité spatio-temporelle. Par nature globale et quasi-continue,<br />l'observation spatiale des aérosols est donc un outil indispensable à leur étude.<br />Si la télédétection dans le domaine visible s'est beaucoup développée pour permettre de mieux<br />caractériser ces particules et leur effet sur le rayonnement solaire, l'utilisation de la télédétection dans<br />le domaine infrarouge est encore sous-exploitée. Or, non seulement la connaissance de l'effet des<br />aérosols sur le rayonnement terrestre est indispensable à l'évaluation de leur forçage radiatif total,<br />mais la télédétection infrarouge permet aussi la mesure de grandeurs inaccessibles à la télédétection<br />visible (observations possibles de nuit comme de jour, sur terre comme sur mer).<br />Dans cette thèse, nous montrons que les observations des sondeurs infrarouges permettent de<br />caractériser les aérosols en épaisseur optique infrarouge, en altitude, et en taille. Après une étude de la<br />sensibilité des propriétés optiques des aérosols à leur microphysique, et le développement d'un code<br />de transfert radiatif pour un milieu diffusant adapté à la haute résolution spectrale du sondeur de<br />nouvelle génération NASA-Aqua/AIRS, nous abordons le problème inverse. Les applications<br />présentées ici couvrent entre autres les aérosols stratosphériques volcaniques du Pinatubo, observés<br />avec le sondeur NOAA/HIRS, et la construction d'une climatologie de 8 ans des poussières<br />désertiques sur mer et sur terre avec ce même instrument. L'inversion des observations AIRS nous a<br />permis ensuite de déterminer l'épaisseur optique à 10 μm, l'altitude moyenne et le rayon effectif du<br />mode grossier des poussières au-dessus des mers.

第19回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成18(2006)年度報告<第2部> Proceedings of the 19th symposiumon on Chronological Studies at the Nagoya University Center for Chronological Research in 2006 日時:平成19 (2007)年1月15日(月)～17日(水) 会場:名古屋大学シンポジオン Date:January15th-17th, 2007 Venue:Nagoya Uhiversity Symposion Hall

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references. / Microfiche. / xx, 252 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm