A mixed methods approach was applied to investigate horse health and performance in Pony Club horses. The qualitative phase (in-depth interviews) explored owners’ perceptions of horse health and performance, whilst the quantitative phase (prospective longitudinal study) identified key health and performance problems with associated risk factors in a cohort of Pony Club horses. Quantitative analytical methods included descriptive, logistic regression and negative binomial regression analyses. Data quality and therefore internal and external validity were improved by preceding the longitudinal study with the qualitative phase. Horse health was not a well defined concept among participants, preventive health care was rarely practiced and other routine health care were administered on an ad hoc basis. Owners of Pony Club horses were concerned about their horses’ welfare, but resorted to non-veterinary sources for advice on horse health. Farriers, chiropractors and equine dentists performed the majority of health care. This observed absence of veterinary involvement in preventive and routine health care matched owners’ perceptions of veterinarians as disease experts whom they consulted for emergencies or as a last resort. Coupled with the apparent absence of pre-purchase examinations these findings raise serious concerns about the veterinary impact on the health of Pony Club horses. It was concluded that opportunities exist to improve the veterinary involvement with Pony Clubs and facilitate the extension of appropriate horse health type information. The health of Pony Club horses was found to be suboptimal with musculoskeletal and dermatological problems the most common diseases identified. High prevalences of lameness and sore backs were observed, but owner sensitivity of their detection was extremely low. Several of the horse-level risk factors identified, including height and breed for lameness, and height breed and gender for sore backs, were only alterable at the time of purchase. This suggests that owners may be at risk of purchasing horses with existing disease conditions, particularly in the absence of a veterinary examination. Other risk factors for sore backs, including housing, exercise, and body condition score could be reasoned on biomechanical grounds. An important outcome of this study was the following definition of a healthy horse: one free from pain and mentally and physically fit to participate regularly in the full range of required activities. An inextricable link between horse performance, exercise and behaviour was revealed during in-depth interviews. Initial intentions of using misbehaviour as a surrogate measure of poor performance were discarded resulting in an investigation of poor performance associated with misbehaviour, but not poor performance attributable to factors other than misbehaviour. Horses were generally exercised infrequently during each month, and this varied with season, with individual sessions lasting less than one hour. In terms of horse fitness these infrequent riding days suggest lack of strategy towards improving horse and rider skills and fitness. Another key outcome was a universally applicable definition of horse performance for Pony Club horses: good performance is considered to have occurred when the horse meets rider expectations. This is the first time that incidence of misbehaviour and associated risk factors have been described in a population of horses. Misbehaviour was more common during schooling and competing relative to pleasure riding, and more than half of the misbehaviour events were considered dangerous. Horse height, breed, and rider age were identified as risk factors for horse misbehaviour with tall Pony breeds ridden by teenagers the most likely to misbehave. The results highlighted the need to consider non-veterinary stakeholders, such as riders and Pony Club instructors, in programs to reduce misbehaviour in Pony Club horses. The study horses were kept predominantly at pasture in paddocks. The pastures these horses grazed represented an underused nutritional resource. Dietary supplements were commonly fed and often in excess. Involving agronomists to improve these horse pastures and employing simple monitoring tools such as body condition scoring more effectively will reduce reliance on expensive supplemental feeds as well as reduce the risk of obesity related disorders. Furthermore, pasture improvement coupled with strategic pasture rotation of horses and other livestock offers prospects for internal parasite control through less reliance on anthelmintics. The incidence of colic was very low in study horses, possibly due to the predominantly pasture-based diet and lifestyle of study horses. However, this same diet may have contributed to the high frequency of laminitis. Laminitis affected 24% of horses for part or all of the study, with 85 % of affected horses suffering recurring lameness and / or laminitis. Purchase of horses with chronic laminitis must be carefully considered due to this high frequency of recurrence. These findings suggest that more regular veterinary contact with Pony Club horses is desirable and would provide opportunities for owners to obtain veterinary advice on preventive health care. This veterinary contact could commence with a pre-purchase examination, and continue with comprehensive annual health checks. To achieve this, Pony Club veterinarians may have to become pro-active in marketing services beyond the treatment of disease to this sector of the equine industry.

22 pp. / Private horse ownership is not for everyone; owning a horse comes with many responsibilities. You must properly house and care for the horse. This care includes the horse's feeding, health care, and hoof care, but these are only part of the equation. You must also provide housing facilities, transportation, and riding equipment. This booklet is an introductory guide to the proper care and cost of owning and maintaining a pleasure horse in Arizona. We discuss how to feed and care for a horse as well as all of the associated costs to expect whether you board your horse or house and care for it privately. The publication has two major sections: (1)maintaining and caring for a horse, and (2) budgeting for the costs of ownership and care. There is also an introduction to getting started and a list of additional resources at the end.