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No description available.

Pair-wise preferential experiments were used to reveal dangerous predator differentiation and ability of amodal completion by four tit species. Firstly was revealed that the tits{\crq} behaviour towards the feeder was in agreement with predictions of the dynamic risk assessment theory. The presence of any predator at the feeder lowered the number of visits to the feeder. Likewise, the tits evaluated the sparrowhawk as more dangerous than the kestrel because its presence lowered the number of visits more than the kestrel. Secondly, we observed tits{\crq} reactions to both partly occluded and amputated dummy of sparrowhawk in two different treatments (torsos vs. complete dummy of pigeon, torsos vs. complete dummy of sparrowhawk). All birds clearly classified both torsos as ``full-featured{\crqq} predators and kept away of them when pigeon on the second feeder. However, when sparrowhawk was presented on the second feeder, number of visits to amputated predator was higher than to occluded one. Birds risked arriving to ``utter{\crqq} amputated torso while the fear of ``full-featured{\crqq} occluded torso stayed without change when second feeder did not provide safe alternative. Such discrimination between torsos needs ability of amodal completion.