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Techn. University, Diss., 2005--Darmstadt.

Neste trabalho duas soluções em ordenadas discretas são propostas para problemas da dinâmica de gases rarefeitos, em meio finito e semi-infinito, abordados segundo o modelo BGK linearizado. As duas versões utilizam os chamados "halfrange" esquemas de quadratura, no entanto os dois casos diferem basicamente na avaliação, analítica ou numérica, das soluções elementares do sistema de equações em ordenadas discretas. Ainda um problema de autovalores simplificado, baseado em matrizes que são perturbações de matrizes de posto um, resulta nas duas abordagens e é tratado a partir de rotinas específicas. Resultados numéricos são apresentados. / In this work two discrete ordinates solutions are developed to solve a class of problems in the theory of rarefied gas dynamics, in finite and semi-infinite media: described by the linearized BGK model. The two methods use half-range quadrature schemes and are based on the use of either analytical or numerical approaches to evaluate the clementary solutions of the discrete ordinates equations. The addition, the approaches present a simpler associated eigenvalue problem based on matrices that are diagonal perturbations of rank-one matrices. Numerical results are presented.

Neste trabalho duas soluções em ordenadas discretas são propostas para problemas da dinâmica de gases rarefeitos, em meio finito e semi-infinito, abordados segundo o modelo BGK linearizado. As duas versões utilizam os chamados "halfrange" esquemas de quadratura, no entanto os dois casos diferem basicamente na avaliação, analítica ou numérica, das soluções elementares do sistema de equações em ordenadas discretas. Ainda um problema de autovalores simplificado, baseado em matrizes que são perturbações de matrizes de posto um, resulta nas duas abordagens e é tratado a partir de rotinas específicas. Resultados numéricos são apresentados. / In this work two discrete ordinates solutions are developed to solve a class of problems in the theory of rarefied gas dynamics, in finite and semi-infinite media: described by the linearized BGK model. The two methods use half-range quadrature schemes and are based on the use of either analytical or numerical approaches to evaluate the clementary solutions of the discrete ordinates equations. The addition, the approaches present a simpler associated eigenvalue problem based on matrices that are diagonal perturbations of rank-one matrices. Numerical results are presented.

Neste trabalho duas soluções em ordenadas discretas são propostas para problemas da dinâmica de gases rarefeitos, em meio finito e semi-infinito, abordados segundo o modelo BGK linearizado. As duas versões utilizam os chamados "halfrange" esquemas de quadratura, no entanto os dois casos diferem basicamente na avaliação, analítica ou numérica, das soluções elementares do sistema de equações em ordenadas discretas. Ainda um problema de autovalores simplificado, baseado em matrizes que são perturbações de matrizes de posto um, resulta nas duas abordagens e é tratado a partir de rotinas específicas. Resultados numéricos são apresentados. / In this work two discrete ordinates solutions are developed to solve a class of problems in the theory of rarefied gas dynamics, in finite and semi-infinite media: described by the linearized BGK model. The two methods use half-range quadrature schemes and are based on the use of either analytical or numerical approaches to evaluate the clementary solutions of the discrete ordinates equations. The addition, the approaches present a simpler associated eigenvalue problem based on matrices that are diagonal perturbations of rank-one matrices. Numerical results are presented.

Cette thèse porte sur les effets combinés de l’excentricité et du débit axial sur les propriétés de stabilité linéaire de l’écoulement de Couette circulaire avec cylindre extérieur fixe. Cet écoulement intervient, entre autres, lors du forage de puits de pétrole. Une méthode pseudospectrale est mise en oeuvre pour calculer l’écoulement de base, stationnaire et invariant suivant la direction axiale, ainsi que les modes normaux d’instabilité. L’écoulement est régi par quatre paramètres adimensionnels : rapport de rayons _ et excentricité e pour la géométrie, nombres de Reynolds azimuthal et axial, Re et Rez, pour la dynamique. La première partie de l’étude est consacrée aux propriétés de stabilité temporelle. Il apparaît que l’excentricité repousse le seuil d’instabilité convective vers de plus fortes valeurs de Re. L’effet de l’advection axiale sur le seuil est principalement stabilisant également. L’excentricité a pour conséquence de déformer la structure des modes par rapport au cas concentrique. Le mode au plus fort taux de croissance temporelle est ainsi constitué de tourbillons de Taylor « pseudo-toroïdaux » lorsque le débit axial est nul, et de structures « pseudo-hélicoïdales » d’ordre azimuthal croissant lorsque Rez augmente. Les résultats sont qualitativement similaires lorsque l’on change le rapport de rayons. Les prédictions théoriques sont en bon accord avec les quelques résultats expérimentaux disponibles. Dans une seconde partie, l’instabilité absolue est étudiée par application d’un critère de point selle à la relation de dispersion. Le débit axial a pour effet d’inhiber fortement l’instabilité absolue, d’origine centrifuge, et la valeur de Re au seuil est typiquement supérieure à celle de Rez d’un ordre de grandeur. L’effet de l’excentricité est plus complexe : légère stabilisation aux faibles valeurs de e, puis déstabilisation marquée aux excentricités modérées lorsque Rez est suffisament grand, et enfin stabilisation lorsque e croît davantage. Contrairement au cas de l’instabilité convective, le mode dominant l’instabilité absolue correspond à l’écoulement tourbillonnaire « pseudo-toroïdal » pour toute la gamme de paramètres considérée. / This work is concerned with the combined effects of eccentricity and pressure-driven axial flow on the linear stability properties of circular Couette flow with a fixed outer cylinder. An example of this flow can be found in oil-well drilling operations. A pseudospectral method is implemented to compute the basic flow, steady and homogeneous in the axial direction, as well as the normal modes of instability. There are four non-dimensional parameters: the radius ratio _ and the eccentricity e for the geometry, the azimuthal and axial Reynolds numbers, Re and Rez, for the dynamics. The first part of the study is devoted to the temporal stability properties. It is found that eccentricity pushes the convective instability threshold towards higher values of Re. The effect of axial advection on the threshold also tends to be stabilising. Eccentricity deforms the modes structure compared to the concentric case. As a result, the mode with the largest temporal growth rate takes the form of ‘pseudo-toroidal’ Taylor vortices in the absence of axial flow, and ‘pseudo-helical’ structures with increasing azimuthal order as Rez becomes larger. Results are qualitatively similar for different radius ratios. Agreement with the few available experimental data is good. In a second part, absolute instability is studied by applying the pinch-point criterion to the dispersion relation. Axial flow is found to strongly inhibit absolute instability, the mechanism of which being centrifugal, and the value of Re at the threshold is typically one order of magnitude larger than that of Rez. The effect of eccentricity is more complex: weak stabilisation for low values of e, marked destabilisation for moderate eccentricities and high enough Rez, and finally stabilisation as e is further increased. Unlike temporal instability, the dominant absolutely unstable mode is the ‘pseudo-toroidal’ Taylor vortex flow over the whole range of parameter space considered.

Photovoltaic (PV) cells have long been an attractive alternative for the consumption of fossil fuels but current manufacturing practices suffer from poor energy efficiency, large carbon footprints, low material utilization, high processing temperatures and high solvent usage. A critical step in PV production is the deposition of CdS as a thin film to serve as a "buffer layer" between the optically absorbent layer and the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer to complete an effective p-n junction. The development of an inexpensive, low temperature, constant flow deposition process for producing CdS films is investigated. Micro-assisted solution concepts are implemented to promote the selectivity of heterogeneous surface reactions over homogeneous bulk precipitation. Analytical models based off Hagen-Poiseuille equation for fluid flow are coupled with computational fluid dynamic simulations to produce uniform flow fields within the deposition step permitting uniform film coverage on large substrates. / Graduation date: 2011 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Jan. 11, 2011-Jan. 11, 2012.

La transition vers la turbulence pour un fluide rhéofluidifiant avec seuil en écoulement dans une conduite cylindrique est étudiée. Une analyse linéaire de stabilité est effectuée moyennant des approches modale et non modale. Les résultats numériques montrent que l'écoulement de Hagen-Poiseuille d'un fluide à seuil est linéairement stable. L'effet du comportement rhéologique du fluide sur les caractéristiques de la perturbation optimale est clairement mis en évidence. Pour de faibles valeurs du nombre d'Herschel-Bulkley (Hb << 1), la perturbation optimale se présente pratiquement sous forme de rouleaux longitudinaux et l'amplification de l'énergie est assurée par le mécanisme lift-up. Par contre pour des valeurs suffisamment élevées de Hb, la perturbation optimale est axisymétrique et l'amplification de l'énergie est assurée par le mécanisme Orr. D'un point de vue expérimental, l'écoulement d'une solution de Carbopol à 0.2 % en masse dans une conduite cylindrique est étudié à partir de la mesure des profils des vitesse axiale et analyse statistique des fluctuations de celle-ci. Il a été constaté qu'en régimes laminaire et turbulent, les profils moyens (au sens temporel) sont axisymétriques et présentent une asymétrie croissante avec le nombre de Reynolds lors de la transition. Une description tridimensionnelle de cette asymétrie a été obtenue à partir des profils de vitesse axiale mesurés à différentes positions angulaires. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent l'existence d'une structure cohérente robuste constituée de deux rouleaux longitudinaux contra-rotatifs de longueur comparable à celle du dispositif expérimental. L'analyse statistique des fluctuations de la vitesse axiale fait apparaître deux phases lors de la transition vers la turbulence. Dans la première phase, le système passe du régime laminaire à un état non linéaire asymétrique où les spectres de puissance sont très similaires à ceux observés dans le cas d'une turbulence bidimensionnelle. La deuxième phase correspond au passage de cet état asymétrique à un régime turbulent avec apparition de spots classiques de la turbulence hydrodynamique. / The transition to turbulence for shear-thinning fluid with a yield-stress in a cylindrical pipe flow is studied. A linear stability analysis is performed using modal and non-modal approches. The numerical results show that the Hagen-Poiseuille flow of yield stress fluid is linearly stable. The effect of rheological behavior of the fluid on the characteristics of the optimal perturbation is clearly highlighted. At very low Herschel-Bulkley number (Hb << 1), the optimal perturbation consists of almost streamwise vortices, and the amplification of the kinetic energy is provided by the lift-up mechanism. In contrast for sufficiently large values of $Hb$, the optimal perturbation is axisymmetric and the growth of the kinetic energy is provided by the Orr-mechanism. From experimental point of view, the flow of 0.2 wt % aqueous solution of Carbopol 940 in a pipe is investigated from the measurement of the mean, i.e., time-averaged, axial velocity profiles as well as the statistical analysis of the fluctuations. It is observed that the velocity profiles are axisymmetric in the laminar and turbulent regimes, and present an increasing asymmetry with increasing Reynolds number in the transitional regime. A three-dimensional description of this asymmetry is provided from velocity profiles measurements at different azimuthal positions. The observed transitional flow suggest the existence of a robust non-linear coherent structure characterized by two weakly modulated counter-rotating longitudinal vortices, which length is comparable to that of the test section. The statistical analysis of the axial velocity fluctuations indicate that the transition occurs essentially in two stages. The first stage corresponds to the transition from the laminar regime to a stable non linear asymmetric state, where the spectra of axial velocity fluctuations are similar to those obtained in the case of two-dimensional turbulence. The second stage corresponds to the transition from this non linear asymmetric state to the hydrodynamic turbulence with the apparition of the classical spots of turbulence.

The linear stability of the Giesekus and linear Phan-Thien Tanner (PTT) fluid models is investigated for a number of planar Poiseuille flows in single, double and triple layered configurations. The Giesekus and PTT models involve parameters that can be used to fit shear and extensional data, thus making them suitable for describing both polymer solutions and melts. The base flow is determined using a Chebyshev-tau method. The linear stability equations are also discretized using Chebyshev approximations to furnish a generalized eigenvalue problem which is then solved using the QZ-algorithm. The eigenspectra are shown to comprise of continuous parts and discrete parts. The theoretical and numerical results are validated for the Oldroyd-B model, which is a simplified case of the Giesekus and PTT models, by comparing with results in the literature. The continuous and discrete parts of the eigenspectra are determined using a purely numerical scheme to solve the discretized eigenvalue problem. The continuous spectra are then more accurately determined using a semi-analytical scheme which uses an analytical solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation alongside a numerical solution for the base flow. A comprehensive survey of the effect of each shear thinning and extensional fluid parameter is undertaken and an instability is found for particular parameter values for the Giesekus fluid. A preliminary investigation of this instability is undertaken whereby the unstable discrete eigenvalue is investigated using an Orthonormal Runge-Kutta scheme within a shooting method which uses the results from the Chebyshev-QZ scheme as a starting point. The linear PTT fluid is found to be stable to infinitesimal disturbances within the range of shear-thinning and extensional parameters considered. The computational e ciency and accuracy of the numerical methods are also investigated.