This projects deal with dielectric materials. Characterize definition of dielectric and polarization of dielectric. Shows dielectric relaxation. Specified conception dielectric absorption and interpreted them with DC voltage charging condensator. However, this thesis be engaged in simulation of this process. Output is simulation program of dielectric absorption characteristics for two relaxation mechanism.

This thesis firstly theoretically describes phenomena which appear in optical fiber transmission. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with linear and non-linear phenomena, and later on proceeds to dispersions with a more significant effect on the optical transmission quality. It puts polarization to the centre of the phenomenon called Polarization mode dispersion (PMD), which is the main object of our interest. It leads to a deep PMD description from the point of view of polarization states, limit values, compensation methods, and methods of measurement. The practical part of this thesis deals with a draft of PMD measurement via Fixed Analyzer method. For the purposes of this measurement, we used the optical spectral analyzer MS9740A. In order to compare measured values, the proposed idea then proceeds to the reference measurement by using a modular platform EXFO FTB--200 in combination with CD/PMD module EXFO FTB-5700. Results of measurements have been evaluated for the limit values defined by the standard. In the last chapter of this thesis, the reference measurements are compared to the Fixed Analyzer method. All the advantages and disadvantages of individual measurement methods are identified at the end of this chapter too.

This thesis discusses Slot antennas that are based in gap waveguide technology, which allows them to work with high frequency signals. It contains theoretical findings about antennas and waveguides, which are later used in the design. The practical section of this thesis concentrates on designing a specific gap waveguide for 10 and 24 GHz frequencies, starting with modeling and parameter optimalization. This gap waveguide is then used as a base for slot antenna design. The final antenna is designed for frequency of 10 GHz, for both linear and right-handed circular polarizations. With right-handed circular polarization, the achieved band was approximately 1.41 GHz, while the gain was 7,6 dB.

In the present work the vacuum polarization and the circular dichroism of hydrogen-like atoms are studied. We derive equations for the Fourier transforma- tion of the vacuum expectation value of the charge density. We use it to derive Uehling potential and calculate energy shifts caused by it. Then we discuss effects of vacuum polarization in higher orders of α. In second part we define circular dichroism and we express it in terms of reduced matrix elements. Then we derive the formula for parity vilating potential which is generated by weak interaction and together with other results we use it to find the expression for circular dichro- ism in terms of hydrogen radial functions. 1

Black hole spin is an essential parameter, for it provides us with the infor- mation on the black hole formation and growth. In this Thesis, we simulated observations for an upcoming X-ray polarimetric mission IXPE (Imaging X- ray Polarimetry Explorer) with the aim to study the robustness of black hole spin and inclination measured via X-ray polarimetry. To simulate polarization spectra, we used a multicolor blackbody emission model accounting for thermal radiation from the accretion disk. For the case of maximally rotating black hole (spin a = 0.998), we were able to reconstruct both spin and inclination of the system with a high precision (∆a ≤ 0.2 for spin and ∆θ ≤ 15 deg for inclination). For less rotating black holes, the spin was correctly recovered, but with a large uncertainty. The inclination is well constrained for any spin value. We conclude that polarimetric measurements will be useful to make independent black hole spin measurements, that would be compared with the spectral-fitting and timing methods. Therefore, X-ray polarimetric missions will be highly desirable. 1

This thesis deals with the marginal and peripheral regions (at the level of administrative districts of the municipalities with an authorized municipal office) in the South Moravian Region. The subject of this thesis is the evaluation of three selected regions, a description of their socio-demographic characteristics, from which the marginality and the territory peripheries can be studied. The work is complemented with the time series (population, basic index), the line charts, and also with the relevant cartograms. The future regional development in selected municipalities with an authorized municipal office has been captured through the linear trend function until 2020.

The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with radiative cor- rections in muonic hydrogen. The effect of vacuum polarization is studied, and the simplified derivation of the Wichmann-Kroll potential is presented. The en- ergy shift caused by vacuum polarization to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen is calculated and it agrees with results in literature. Further, the concept of the extended Bethe logarithm is introduced and its advantages are shown and used to calculate the combined self-energy vacuum polarization contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen. The results given here are more accurate and somewhat different from others given in literature. In the second part, the ground-state en- ergy splitting due to the tunneling in a two-dimensional double-well potential is calculated. A systematic WKB expansion of the energy splitting is given. An in- terplay between curvature of the classical tunneling path and quantum nature of motion is observed. A series is found that describes systems with strong coupling like the proton transfer in malonaldehyde. The results show a strong sensitivity of the splitting on slight variations of the parameters entering the Hamiltonian linearly. This indicates a presence of quantum chaos in this problem. 1

The theme of diploma thesis "Polarization of Economic Growth in the European Union" belongs to fundamental issues of recent regionalistics. The main aim is to demark poles of economic growth and periphery areas within the EU territory. This aim is followed by hypothesis that "at recent economic circumstances, economic activities are concentrated in the central part of the EU". First part of the thesis focuses on theoretic approaches, including economic growth poles definition, finding general factors of economic attractiveness of the region, their evolution and yet known findings about concentration of economic growth in the EU in economic, social and environmental dimension. In the following practical part, the main economic, social and environmental indicators are established. Using these indicators, areas that feature strong polarization of economic growth and in opposite, areas that can be marked as periphery, are defined within the EU.

Diagnostic of photovoltaic cells defects is one of the key step in production. This dissertation thesis deals about diagnosis of photovoltaic cells by radiative recombination of electron - hole pairs. This radiative recombination is known as luminescence. Diagnostic methods using this local light emission in infrared region have innovative potential. The method of electroluminescence is one of the most widely used luminescence methods whose modifications are applied across the industry, especially in semiconductors. The main area of this thesis research is focused on non-destructive analysis of radiated infrared radiation of monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells in various modifications of standard electroluminescence method. In this research there are used two types of CCD cameras are used as luminescent radiation detectors. Method of photon emission microscopy is used for magnification element. Local light emission inspection by microscopy should have benefit to qualitative evaluation of solar cells defects. Radiation emitted by the solar cell has a wave character. This fact brings the potential of using some of the characteristics of the waves. We are talking about the intensity and mainly about new characterization by polarization during the detection of defects in the solar cell surface. Innovation of the measuring workplace of the standard electroluminescence method to use polarization analysis is one of the goals of this dissertation thesis.

The master thesis discusses physical causes of light polarization and problems brought by nascence of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). These problems occur especially by high speed systems on optical cable traces. The thesis deals with actuation of transmitted signal by influence of Inter Symbol Interference and it also deals with methods for its measuring and compensation. As a results of measurements are in text presented data provided by EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. Company. Significant part of the thesis focuses on optical link Bit Error Rate (BER) which is connected with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and signal quality (Q-factor). Further on it is possible to find in text about so called eye diagram which is display mode that shows influence of communication channel on shape of the transmitted signal. To this diagram is related another one called constellation diagram which describes modulation mode and makes it possible to map dispersion of signal points around their nominal values. In connection with so called trajectory it makes vector diagram. Practical part includes depiction of these diagrams in MATLAB development environment.