Runoff from paved surfaces in the urban environment is recognised as a major contributing source to deteriorated water quality. In stormwater, both various metals and organic compounds can be present and the quality of stormwater is dependent on e.g. the characteristics of the surfaces that the runoff encounters. Diffuse pollution sources, i.e. anthropogenic emissions from e.g. traffic or constructions, has been pointed out by the European Water Framework Directive to significantly contribute to pollution of stormwater receivers. In order to create and obtain a sustainable, liveable and aesthetical urban environment it is critical to be able to mitigate stormwater pollution, not least considering the increasing amount of stormwater due to climate change.The aim of this master’s thesis was to evaluate the potential release of inorganic- and organic stormwater pollutants from conventional roofing materials by laboratory leaching experiments. The study was mainly aimed to serve as a first screening on the roofing materials, in order to be able to select a number of materials for further investigation later on. The organic compounds included in this study were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nonylphenols and -ethoxylates, phthalates and herbicides. Previous research on stormwater pollution has mainly focused on metals and there is therefore a knowledge gap on organic compounds in urban runoff. The leaching experiments were designed considering previous similar studies. Synthetic rainwater was prepared based on measurements of rainwater quality in Sweden. Duplicates of 16 commonly used roofing materials were prepared and immersed in beakers of synthetic rainwater. The beakers were agitated on an orbital shaking device for 24 hours and pH as well as conductivity was recorded in the leachates before sending the samples to the contracted laboratory for analysis. Metals were analysed on all materials and the organic compound analyses were performed on selected materials based on each material’s composition and was limited with the substance’s probability to release from each material.From the analysis results, mean values for the leached concentrations of all duplicates were calculated. The annual potential release of substances from materials was estimated based on the leached concentrations and data on the average annual precipitation in Sweden, in order to get an indication of the order of magnitude of the pollutant release. The results showed a potential release of a number of the included substances from many of the studied roofing materials, in varying order of magnitude. The shingle roofing was the material that showed the ability to release the largest number of pollutants. Some materials e.g. the clay tile also showed potential to adsorb substances on the material surface. Metals were mainly released in dissolved form from most materials. Phthalates were not present in concentrations above report limits in the leachates from any of the studied materials. The results also indicate a significant different in the release potential from materials that were considered similar in their composition and expected to have similar leaching behaviour prior to the laboratory experiments, e.g. two similar felt roof materials from different manufacturers. / <p>Validerat; 20150715 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers‟ willingness to use remediation methods was conducted. The results in general indicated that crops from these two areas were fit for human consumption and that raw (unprocessed) cattle manure and chicken manure were the greatest sources of heavy metals in both farming areas. It was found that the use of EDTA led to elevated levels of Cd, Pb and Zn in cabbage, while the use of triple super phosphate at a low concentration contributed to limiting the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn, but only minimally. Most farmers are willing to apply remediation methods but only when they have been proven necessary. In general, the same farming practices occurred in both areas. Farmers from the Philippi area tended to rely more heavily on subterranean water resources. It became clear that unprocessed manures should be used with caution and that more appropriate heavy metal remediation methods should be sought.

No description available.

<p>Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted.</p>

<p>Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted.</p>

Orientador: Antonio Roberto Saad / Banca: Leandro Eugenio da Silva Cerri / Banca: Antenor Zanardo / Banca: Denilson Teixeira / Banca: José Luiz de Albuquerque Filho / Resumo: O planejamento territorial e a gestão ambiental são instrumentos que podem minimizar os impactos negativos e potencializar os impactos positivos nos meios natural e antrópico. Entretanto, é necessária a caracterização de elementos do meio físico, tais como a geologia e a hidrogeologia, e do meio sócio econômico, devendo representá-los conjuntamente em documentos cartográficos temáticos que sejam compatíveis com aqueles preconizados nos planos diretores municipais. Na área de estudo, as unidades geológicas presentes são: formações Botucatu; Serra Geral; Adamantina e os sedimentos clásticos da unidade Sedimentos Cenozóicos. No tocante à hidroestratigrafia, podem ser reconhecidos os aqüíferos sedimentares (Unidade Cenozóica; Bauru; Guarani) e fraturado (Serra Geral). O Município de Araraquara caracteriza-se por apresentar um segmento econômico baseado em indústrias, geralmente situadas em áreas urbanas, e agro-indústriais. Na área de estudo, foram realizados levantamentos de fontes potenciais à poluição, totalizando 138 empreendimentos. Com base nos atributos do meio físico e aplicando-se o Método de Vulnerabilidade Natural, foi possível identificar as seguintes classes de vulnerabilidade e os respectivos números de empreendimentos potencialmente poluidores: baixa (0), moderada (96); alta (24) e extrema (18). Dentre essas atividades, os setores de postos de serviços, transportes e industrial totalizam 88% das principais fontes de poluição da área de Araraquara. / Abstract: The territorial planning and environmental management are instruments they can to minimize the negative impacts and to improve positive impacts in the natural and social environment. Though, is necessary to understand the environment characterization (geology, hydrogeology and social environment), and represents them in thematic cartographic documents that are compatible to municipal maps. In the study area, the geologic units correspond the: Botucatu, Serra Geral, Adamantine formations and sediments of the unit Cenozoics Sediments. However, the local hydrostratigrafic is formed by sedimentary units (Cenozoic unit; Bauru Aquifer; Guarani Aquifer) and fractured aquifer (Serra Geral). The City of Araraquara s characterized for presenting an economic segment based in industries, generally situated in urban areas, and agroindustries. Carried through surveys of potential pollution sources totalizing 138 enterprises. With basis of the attributes of the environment and applying the Method of Natural Vulnerability, were possible to identify to the following class of vulnerability and the respective numbers of potentially polluting enterprises: low (0), moderate (96); high (24) and extreme (18). Amongst these activities, the sectors of service stations, transports and industrial totalize 88% of the main sources of pollution of the area of Araraquara (SP), Brazil. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRLB.pdf: 1678742 bytes, checksum: 886848bd535c0fd818fc2937a34451b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-05 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In the present work, breathable particulate matter (PM10) concentration was measured in their fine (PM2.5-10) and ultra-fine (MP2.5) fractions, in the municipal district of São Carlos. The samplings were carried out from 2001 to 2004 for PM10 (complemented with data from 1997 to 2001 taken from the research group databank) and for the period of 1 year (2001-2002) for PM2.5. PM10 was sampled with a high volumes sampler, while PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were sampled with a dichotomous sampler. In order rationalize the seasonal variation MP, the year was separated in two different periods, the so-called dry period characterized by colder months and smaller incidence of rains and the rainy period, characterized by hotter months and by larger incidence of rains. After the collection, XRF analysis were carried out to quantify the chemical elements with mass molar superior to 12 a.m.u.. Also, DIC/DOC (dissolved organic and inorganic carbon) analysis were performed. The results showed 14 chemical elements, on average, both in fne and ultrafine fractions. The chemical elements that appear in larger concentrations in the PM are organic carbon, inorganic carbon, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, K, S and Fe. Two receptor models, the principal factors analysis (PFA) and chemical mass balance (CMB) were used to quantify the probable pollution sources for responsible for the sampled PM in the receptor site. PFA suggests that 3 main sources are responsible for the PM in the ultrafine fraction, both in the dry as well as in the rainy season. As for the fine fraction, the PFA suggests that 4 main sources are responsible for the pollution in the receptor site. The CMB analysis indicates that, for the ultrafine fraction the main source is the gas/particle conversion from sulfur, both in the dry and rainy periods. For the dry period, the biomass burning becomes significant as a pollution source. In the fine fraction of MP, the main sources identified were soil resuspension and vehicular emission. / xix No presente trabalho mediu-se a concentração de Material Particulado (MP) respirável (MP10), em suas frações fina (MP2,5-10) e super fina (MP2,5) no município de São Carlos. As amostragens foram realizadas de 1997 a 2004 para o MP respirável sendo que para o período de 1997 a 2000 foram utilizados dados disponíveis no banco de dados do Grupo de Controle ambiental e pelo período de 1 ano (2001-2002) para o MP2,5. O MP respirável foi amostrado com amostrador de grandes volumes, enquanto o MP2,5 e MP2,5-10 foi amostrado com amostrador dicotômico. Para facilitar o estudo da variação sazonal do MP dividiu-se o ano em dois períodos distintos, o chamado período seco (caracterizado por meses mais frios e menor incidência de chuvas) e o período chuvoso (caracterizado por meses mais quentes e de maior incidência de chuvas). Após a coleta, foram realizadas análise de XRF (Fluorescência de Raios X) para quantificar os elementos químicos com número atômico superiores a 12 u.m.a., e análise de carbono orgânico e inorgânico por DIC/DOC (carbono inorgânico e orgânico dissolvidos). Foram observados em média 14 elementos químicos, tanto para a fração fina como super fina. Os elementos químicos que aparecem em maiores concentrações no MP são carbono orgânico, carbono inorgânico, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, K, S e Fe. Foram utilizados modelos receptores análise de fatores principais (AFP) e balanço químico de massas (BQM) para quantificar as prováveis fontes poluidoras responsáveis pela carga de MP amostrada no receptor. A AFP sugere que há 3 fontes principais responsáveis pela carga de MP super fino no receptor tanto para o período seco como para o período chuvoso. Para o MP fino a AFP sugere que existam 4 fontes principais responsáveis pela poluição no sítio receptor. O BQM indica que para a fração super fina a principal fonte é a conversão gás / partícula de enxofre, tanto para o período seco como para o período chuvoso. Para o período seco a queima de biomassa passa a ter importância significativa como fonte poluidora. Na fração fina do MP as principais fontes identificadas foram ressuspensão do solo e emissão veicular.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted. / South Africa

This thesis engages a comparison of the development of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in different regions of the Czech Republic. The work explains the formation of atmospheric deposition and related terms such as the source of pollution, emissions, air pollution and nitrogen oxides. There are stated types of atmospheric deposition, sampling procedure and the process of determining the size of atmospheric deposition. This work describes the methods that were used in the calculations and evaluations. It also deals with the selection of suitable measuring stations for processing the development of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. The atmospheric deposition of phosphorus were not measured in the territory of the Czech Republic in the period from 2000 to 2010. The aim of this work is to find trends in time series of concentrations of NOx and statistical evaluation of the development of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. For these chapters were selected concentration of nitrogen oxides in the regional towns of the Czech Republic. In the chapter of spatial analyzes of the concentration of nitrogen oxides is selected Ústecký kraj, mainly due to the fact that this area is characterized by significantly high atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and total air pollution. A therm the Black Triangle is often used for this location.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 meaulo_fj_dr_rcla.pdf: 8303234 bytes, checksum: 81acd0e61829ebb9fd48d18f97dd463e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O planejamento territorial e a gestão ambiental são instrumentos que podem minimizar os impactos negativos e potencializar os impactos positivos nos meios natural e antrópico. Entretanto, é necessária a caracterização de elementos do meio físico, tais como a geologia e a hidrogeologia, e do meio sócio econômico, devendo representá-los conjuntamente em documentos cartográficos temáticos que sejam compatíveis com aqueles preconizados nos planos diretores municipais. Na área de estudo, as unidades geológicas presentes são: formações Botucatu; Serra Geral; Adamantina e os sedimentos clásticos da unidade Sedimentos Cenozóicos. No tocante à hidroestratigrafia, podem ser reconhecidos os aqüíferos sedimentares (Unidade Cenozóica; Bauru; Guarani) e fraturado (Serra Geral). O Município de Araraquara caracteriza-se por apresentar um segmento econômico baseado em indústrias, geralmente situadas em áreas urbanas, e agro-indústriais. Na área de estudo, foram realizados levantamentos de fontes potenciais à poluição, totalizando 138 empreendimentos. Com base nos atributos do meio físico e aplicando-se o Método de Vulnerabilidade Natural, foi possível identificar as seguintes classes de vulnerabilidade e os respectivos números de empreendimentos potencialmente poluidores: baixa (0), moderada (96); alta (24) e extrema (18). Dentre essas atividades, os setores de postos de serviços, transportes e industrial totalizam 88% das principais fontes de poluição da área de Araraquara. / The territorial planning and environmental management are instruments they can to minimize the negative impacts and to improve positive impacts in the natural and social environment. Though, is necessary to understand the environment characterization (geology, hydrogeology and social environment), and represents them in thematic cartographic documents that are compatible to municipal maps. In the study area, the geologic units correspond the: Botucatu, Serra Geral, Adamantine formations and sediments of the unit Cenozoics Sediments. However, the local hydrostratigrafic is formed by sedimentary units (Cenozoic unit; Bauru Aquifer; Guarani Aquifer) and fractured aquifer (Serra Geral). The City of Araraquara s characterized for presenting an economic segment based in industries, generally situated in urban areas, and agroindustries. Carried through surveys of potential pollution sources totalizing 138 enterprises. With basis of the attributes of the environment and applying the Method of Natural Vulnerability, were possible to identify to the following class of vulnerability and the respective numbers of potentially polluting enterprises: low (0), moderate (96); high (24) and extreme (18). Amongst these activities, the sectors of service stations, transports and industrial totalize 88% of the main sources of pollution of the area of Araraquara (SP), Brazil.