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The impacts of transported and locally-produced pollutants on western US air quality during summer 2008 are studied using the multi-scale Sulfur Transport and Deposition Modeling system. Transported background (TBG) is an indicator of the influences from extra-regional emissions or the lower stratosphere. The magnitude of TBG is expected to increase as the emissions from international sources grow. This trend is especially important in the context of US air quality standards, which tend to become more stringent to protect human health and ecosystems. Forward sensitivity simulations in which the model boundary conditions and emissions are perturbed show that TBG strongly and extensively affect western US surface ozone (more than half of the total), compared to other contributors to background ozone (North American, NA, biomass burning, BB and biogenic emissions), and the impacts differ among various geographical regions and land types. The stratospheric ozone impacts are weak. The TBG ozone contributes most to western US ozone among all TBG species, and TBG peroxyacetyl nitrate is the most important species among ozone precursors. Compared to monthly mean 8-hour daily maximum ozone, the secondary standard metric "W126 monthly index" shows larger responses to TBG perturbations and stronger non-linearity to the size of perturbations. Overall the model-estimated TBG impacts negatively correlate to the vertical resolution and positively correlate to the horizontal resolution. The estimated TBG impacts weakly depend on the magnitude of uncertainties in the US anthropogenic emissions. The transport/subsidence processes that link airmasses aloft with the surface pollution level are analyzed by trajectories, time-lag correlation and adjoint sensitivity analyses. Various types of observations are used to identify source regions and transport processes, and to improve model prediction using the four-dimensional variational data assimilation during a long-range transport episode. The sectoral and geographical contributions to summertime US black carbon (BC) distributions are studied. NA emissions heavily (>70%) affect the BC levels from the surface to 5 km, while non-NA plumes compose more than half of the BC above 5 km. NA and non-NA BB, NA transportation and non-NA residential emissions are the major contributing sectors. Aircraft measurements during the California phase of the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft andSatellites (ARCTAS-CARB) field campaign show that BC/(organic matter + nitrate + sulfate) mass ratios fairly well represent BC's warming potential over southern California, which can be approximated by BC/(organic matter + sulfate) and BC/sulfate for plumes affected and unaffected by fires, respectively. The responses of BC/(organic matter + sulfate) and BC/sulfate to removing each emission sector indicate that mitigating NA transportation emissions has the highest potential for regional air quality and climate co-benefits. Contributions from NA BB and extra-regional emissions differ for summer and spring (April 2008).

This paper analyzes the negative impact of transport on the environment and possibilities of their elimination or reduction.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo adicionar ao programa computacional SAAM for Windows a capacidade de simular o transporte de poluentes em cursos d´água e substituiu com vantagens o modelo computacional QUAL2E para simulações em regime transiente para substâncias conservativas e não conservativas em casos de injeção instantânea. Desta maneira, os pesquisadores dispõem agora de uma ferramenta adicional para simulação de transporte de poluentes em cursos d´água. O SAAM foi desenvolvido originalmente para a simulação de conjuntos discretos, mas neste trabalho, o programa foi adaptado para a simulação de sistemas contínuos. O trabalho de implementação foi feito tomando-se por base a equação unidimensional de transporte de massa por advecção - dispersão adaptada ao processo de simulação do programa SAAM utilizando-se para isto o método de resolução de MacCormack. O SAAM foi implementado também com o recurso de avaliar as concentrações de DBO e OD de maneira simplificada. Foram analisados diversos cenários de transporte de massa através de simulação computacional utilizando o SAAM, o programa QUAL2E e quando possível, soluções analíticas. Os resultados obtidos nestas simulações foram bastante similares, com isso foi possível concluir que a implementação do programa SAAM foi um sucesso. / This work had as objective to implement the capacity of simulation of pollutant transport in watercourses to the program SAAM for Windows for time-variable simulations for the dispersion of conservative and non-conservative substances from instantaneous sources, as an advantageous alternative to QUAL2E. This way, researchers may have an additional tool for the simulation of pollutant transport in watercourses. SAAM was developed originally for the simulation of discrete systems; the program is now adapted for the simulation of continuous problems. This implementation was made through the use of the advection-dispersion mass transfer equation adapted to SAAM\'s simulation features, using, for numerical solution, the method of MacCormack. SAAM was also implemented for the evaluation of concentrations of BOD and DO in a simplified way. Several scenarios of mass transport were analyzed through computational simulation using SAAM, the program QUAL2E, and, when possible, analytical solutions. As the results obtained in these simulations were quite similar, it is possible to conclude that the proposed implementation to the program SAAM was successful.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo adicionar ao programa computacional SAAM for Windows a capacidade de simular o transporte de poluentes em cursos d´água e substituiu com vantagens o modelo computacional QUAL2E para simulações em regime transiente para substâncias conservativas e não conservativas em casos de injeção instantânea. Desta maneira, os pesquisadores dispõem agora de uma ferramenta adicional para simulação de transporte de poluentes em cursos d´água. O SAAM foi desenvolvido originalmente para a simulação de conjuntos discretos, mas neste trabalho, o programa foi adaptado para a simulação de sistemas contínuos. O trabalho de implementação foi feito tomando-se por base a equação unidimensional de transporte de massa por advecção - dispersão adaptada ao processo de simulação do programa SAAM utilizando-se para isto o método de resolução de MacCormack. O SAAM foi implementado também com o recurso de avaliar as concentrações de DBO e OD de maneira simplificada. Foram analisados diversos cenários de transporte de massa através de simulação computacional utilizando o SAAM, o programa QUAL2E e quando possível, soluções analíticas. Os resultados obtidos nestas simulações foram bastante similares, com isso foi possível concluir que a implementação do programa SAAM foi um sucesso. / This work had as objective to implement the capacity of simulation of pollutant transport in watercourses to the program SAAM for Windows for time-variable simulations for the dispersion of conservative and non-conservative substances from instantaneous sources, as an advantageous alternative to QUAL2E. This way, researchers may have an additional tool for the simulation of pollutant transport in watercourses. SAAM was developed originally for the simulation of discrete systems; the program is now adapted for the simulation of continuous problems. This implementation was made through the use of the advection-dispersion mass transfer equation adapted to SAAM\'s simulation features, using, for numerical solution, the method of MacCormack. SAAM was also implemented for the evaluation of concentrations of BOD and DO in a simplified way. Several scenarios of mass transport were analyzed through computational simulation using SAAM, the program QUAL2E, and, when possible, analytical solutions. As the results obtained in these simulations were quite similar, it is possible to conclude that the proposed implementation to the program SAAM was successful.

Presented thesis deals with the evaluation of air quality in Ostrava industrial area, especially with regard to highly concentrated suspended particles and sorbed on them toxic polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Their above-limit concentrations are the main cause of negative effects on the health of humans and other organisms in one of the most outstanding European "hot- spot"regions, in the industrial agglomeration of Ostrava. The first part of the work is devoted to the evaluation of pollutant concentrations and contributions of identified types of air pollution sources in the wider influence area of a large industrial source in the Ostrava region. It was confirmed the concentrations of all pollutants show very significant inter-seasonal differences between the warm and cold parts of the year. The measured concentrations of PAHs in the cold season were 3 to 5 times higher than in the warm season. Less pronounced differences in concentration levels were seen between day and night samples. The air-pollution load was highest at the Radvanice site, compared to Vratimov and the background area of Poruba. The pollution caused by suspended particles originating from the emissions of the industrial complex in the annual scale contributes significantly to the resulting air quality image on the site, but is not an exclusive source. Other identified sources of the contributions to the PM2.5 concentrations are regional sources and operating seasonally sources (local heating). The second part of the thesis is an assessment of the character and regularities of air mass transmission in the ground-level layer of the troposphere in the Czech-Polish border area, as regional and long-range pollution transport plays a significant role, manifested in the resulting reduced air quality. The contribution of cross-border pollution sources is an important component of often alarming concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, especially during winter smog situations. It was shown within the northeast steady flow is dominated by the shift of higher concentrations of suspended particles from Poland to the Czech Republic. On the other hand, with the opposite prevailing direction of steady flow, particle concentrations on the Polish side of the territory are not increasing dramatically. At least half the year there are situations with variable wind direction, or low flow velocities during which the entire area on both sides of the border there are maximum concentrations of particles, including sorbed polyaromatics with the most serious health effects.