This study, set within the contextual background of Victorian politics, ‘seeks to identify the economic, political and social implications of tariff protection for the Castlemaine region from 1870-1901. The introduction of the Victorian tariff in 1865 precipitated a reversal of earlier attitudes towards protection by politicians and their constituents. Reasons are sought for changes in the perceptions of the Castlemaine electorate and its political representatives towards the tariff between 1870 and Federation. An examination has been made of the role of the tariff in the creation of employment in the region’s primary and secondary industries together with its influence on politicians, primary and secondary industry leaders and workers. Also explored is the relative impact of the tariff on the economic performance of Castlemaine industries, whether producing for export or domestic markets.

O objetivo desta tese foi compreender como o ciberativismo, na condição de práxis centrada no uso programático da Internet, se insere no contexto das manifestações políticas ocorridas na Europa, Oriente Médio, EUA e Brasil, entre os anos de 2010 e 2013. Com isso, buscou-se refletir sobre as transformações da política na contemporaneidade, em face do transcurso da atual crise econômico-ecológica. Por intermédio de análises dos pensadores da teoria crítica (Marx, Adorno, Horkheimer, Debord) e da Nova Crítica do Valor (Kurz, Jappe, Trenkle), este estudo apresenta um modelo teórico que denominamos paradigma do antipoder, que partiu da obra de John Holloway, para entender a esfera pública oposicional praticada na Internet em sua tendência a uma práxis de ação direta, aberta, livre e anticapitalista. / The objective of this thesis was to understand how the cyber activism, on condition of praxis focused on programmatic use of the Internet, fits into the context of political demonstrations occurred in Europe, Middle East, USA and Brazil, between 2010 and 2013. Thus, reflections were made on of the politics transformations in contemporary society, given the course of the current economic and ecological crisis. By means of analyzes of the thinkers of critical theory (Marx, Adorno, Horkheimer, Debord) and New Value Critique (Kurz, Jappe, Trenkle), this study presents a theoretical model that we call paradigm of antipower, which was based work on John Holloway´s work, to understand the oppositional public sphere practiced on the Internet in their tendency to a praxis of direct, open, free and anti-capitalist action.

O objetivo desta tese foi compreender como o ciberativismo, na condição de práxis centrada no uso programático da Internet, se insere no contexto das manifestações políticas ocorridas na Europa, Oriente Médio, EUA e Brasil, entre os anos de 2010 e 2013. Com isso, buscou-se refletir sobre as transformações da política na contemporaneidade, em face do transcurso da atual crise econômico-ecológica. Por intermédio de análises dos pensadores da teoria crítica (Marx, Adorno, Horkheimer, Debord) e da Nova Crítica do Valor (Kurz, Jappe, Trenkle), este estudo apresenta um modelo teórico que denominamos paradigma do antipoder, que partiu da obra de John Holloway, para entender a esfera pública oposicional praticada na Internet em sua tendência a uma práxis de ação direta, aberta, livre e anticapitalista. / The objective of this thesis was to understand how the cyber activism, on condition of praxis focused on programmatic use of the Internet, fits into the context of political demonstrations occurred in Europe, Middle East, USA and Brazil, between 2010 and 2013. Thus, reflections were made on of the politics transformations in contemporary society, given the course of the current economic and ecological crisis. By means of analyzes of the thinkers of critical theory (Marx, Adorno, Horkheimer, Debord) and New Value Critique (Kurz, Jappe, Trenkle), this study presents a theoretical model that we call paradigm of antipower, which was based work on John Holloway´s work, to understand the oppositional public sphere practiced on the Internet in their tendency to a praxis of direct, open, free and anti-capitalist action.