Berlin, Humboldt-University, Diss., 2000.

No description available.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Düsseldorf.

No description available.

A series of 2,5-diarylidene-cyclopentanones (ndbcp), their protonated cations (ndbcp-H+), and a substituted compound, 2,5-bis-[3-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-allylidene-cyclopentanone (2dbma) have been synthesized. Their electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra have been measured. The absorption spectra have been assigned with the aid of INDO/S calculations. Molecular structures used for the INDO/S calculations were computed with the PM3 Hamiltonian. Polarized excitation spectra have been measured for 2dbcp and 3dbcp at 77 K in ethanol/methanol glass and used as an aid for the assignments of electronic transitions. Absorption and fluorescence spectra have been measured in solvents of varying polarity for all compounds synthesized. The influence of hydrogen bonding on the excitation spectra of compounds has been investigated. Solvent induced shifts in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of 3dbcp and 2dbma in combination with the PM3 calculated ground state dipole moment have been used to determine the excited state dipole moment of these compounds. Fluorescence quantum yields have been obtained to analyze the changes in the nonradiative rate of decay from S1. The protonated cations have been prepared in acids of different strength. The influence of acid strength on the excitation and emission spectra has been analyzed by gradually diluting acid solution. Evidence for excited state proton transfer in weak acids has been obtained for 2dbcp and 3dbcp. Brief photochemical studies of 1dbcp and 1dbcp-H+ have been carried out and analyzed by HPLC.

L’objection générale de ces travaux est de comprendre les mécanismes d’interaction de molécules d’intérêt avec les membranes afin de faciliter la synthèse de molécules plus efficaces contre leurs cibles tout en étant moins toxique pour l’Homme. Dans la première partie de ces travaux, nous avons étudié les interactions entre ces modèles membranaires et les polyènes antifongiques, connus pour interagir avec les stérols des membranes plasmiques. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la Nystatine et à l’Amphotéricine B, deux molécules de structure chimique très proche et actuellement utilisées dans l’industrie pharmaceutique. L’utilisation de différents modèles membranaires et de techniques adaptées a montré que la PhosphatidylEthanolamine avait très vraisemblablement un rôle primordial dans le mécanisme d’interaction de ces molécules avec les membranes. Dans la deuxième partie de ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’inhibition de la formation du cristal d’hémozoïne formé lors de la croissance du parasite responsable du paludisme. Ce cristal est formé d’hématine, hautement toxique pour le parasite. L’hématine et l’inhibition de la formation de l’hémozoïne constituent une cible moléculaire idéale pour combattre cette maladie. La chloroquine, la méfoquine et de nouveaux inhibiteurs dérivés de la méfloquine ont été utilisés. L’étude de l’inhibition de la formation du cristal s’est faite en utilisant des monocouches de Langmuir, servant ainsi de biocapteurs. Ces travaux ont montré que l’énantiomérie, mais aussi la lipophilicité des nouveaux composés antipaludiques sont des paramètres importants en vue de la synthèse de molécules plus efficaces. / The main purpose of this work is to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between pharmaceutical relevant molecules and model membranes in order to facilitate the synthesis of new molecules, more efficient against their molecular target and less toxic for Humans. In the first part, we studied the interactions occuring between these models and antifungal polyene molecules. It has been reported that these molecules interacted preferentially with sterols. We specifically focused on Nystatin and Amphotericin B, two polyenes with a very similar chemical structure and presently used as a treatment against fungi and molds. Using different kind of model membranes, we showed PhosphatidylEthanolamine could have a very important role in the mechanism of action of these molecules. In the second part of this work, we studied the inhibition of the formation of a cristal called « hemozoïn », which is growing during the life cycle of the parasite responsible of malaria. This cristal is made of hematin, a toxic by-product of the degradation of hemoglobin, the main source of amino-acids for the parasite. Hematin and the inhibition of the growth of this cristal is a ideal molecular target to combat malaria. Chloroquine, mefloquine and new mefloquine-derivatives were studied. The study of the inhibition of the formation of the cristal was done using Langmuir monolayers as a biosensor. We showed that stereochemistry, but also lipophilicity of these compounds, are important parameters for the synthesis of more efficient antimalarial molecules.

Le dendroctone des pins du sud ou « Southern Pine Beetle » (Dendroctonus frontalis) est un coléoptère xylophage nuisible et ravageur des forêts d’Amérique du Nord qui a déjà causé plus de 900 millions de dollars de dégâts entre 1960 et 1990 et dont son surdéveloppement est de plus accéléré par le réchauffement climatique. Cet insecte vit en symbiose avec le champignon Entomocorticium sp. qui lui permet d’assimiler la lignine contenue dans le bois. Une particularité supplémentaire de ces dendroctones a été la découverte récente d’un deuxième symbiote d’origine bactérienne (Streptomyces sp. SPB74) qui a un rôle de protecteur chimique face aux antagonistes fongiques du dendroctone. La principale substance protectrice produite par ce symbiote est la mycangimycine, un acide gras polyènique contenant un cycle 1,2-dioxolane 3,5-disubstitué. Ce composé affecte peu le champignon vital du dendroctone mais a montré des activités antifongiques exceptionnelles, égales ou supérieures à l’amphotéricine B sur des champignons pathogènes de souche résistante ou non ainsi qu’une excellente activité anti-malarique sur Plasmodium falciparum.Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons rapporté quelques tentatives vers la synthèse de la mycangimycine, en particulier la formation du motif 1,2-dioxolane 3,5-disubstitué qui pourrait contribuer de manière prometteuse à de nombreuses activités biologiques comme antipaludique et antifongique, etc. Le premier travail a porté sur la synthèse du 1,2-dioxolane en utilisant des cyclopropanols comme intermédiaires, par un processus d'ouverture de cycle par oxydation. À la suite de cela, certains analogues saturés de la mycangimycine ont été préparés avec un rendement relativement élevé. Dans la deuxième partie de ce manuscrit, nous avons développé une méthodologie de synthèse sur l'addition nucléophile sur des peroxyketal cycliques via la formation d’un ion peroxycarbenium par l’action d’un acide Lewis. Différents analogues synthétiques et intermédiaires de synthèse ont été évalués in vitro dans les domaines antiparasitaires. / The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) ecosystem has been strongly studied because of the economic losses of conifer production in North America. From these researches, it has emerged that this pine beetle possesses a very complex natural associations with trees, fungi, mites. Recently some reports indicated that a bacterian symbiont (Streptomyces sp. SPB74) produces an unprecedent polyene peroxide, named mycangimycin, which plays a role of antifungal and antiparasitic. This molecule is a polyenic fatty acid containing a 3,5-disubstituted 1,2-dioxolane ring which exhibits exceptional antifungal activity against a wide variety of fungi and activities as antimalarial agent against Plasmodium falciparum.In this manuscript, we reported some attempts towards the synthesis of mycangimycin, especially for the formation of 3,5-disubstituted-1,2-dioxolane moiety which could contribute promisingly to many biological activities as antimalarial and antifungal. The first work focused on the synthesis of the 3,5-disubsituted-1,2-dioxolane ring using cyclopropanols as intermediates, through an oxidative ring opening process. As a result of that, some saturated analogues of mycangimycin were prepared in relatively high yield. In the second part of this manuscript, we have developed an available methodology of nucleophile addition to the peroxycarbenium ions derived from Lewis acid-mediated ionization of 3-alkoxy-1,2-dioxolanes providing 3,5-disubstituted-1,2-dioxolane compounds. Various synthetic analogues or intermediates have been evaluated in in vitro in antiparasitic domains.

Natamycin is an antimycotic compound that is widely used in the cheese industry to increase the shelf life of cheeses, especially shredded cheeses, by inhibiting the growth of molds. Natamycin is applied to the surface of cheese as an aqueous suspension or as a powder. However, natamycin is not readily water soluble making it harder to distribute evenly over shredded cheese Natamycin is degraded by ultraviolet (UV) light at wavelengths of 350 nm and below. Typical packaging applications do not provide adequate UV protection causing natamycin to degrade. This work was undertaken to determine the efficacy of UV absorber film to prevent UV light degradation of natamycin on the surface of shredded cheese. Current accepted methods to determine concentration of natamycin were evaluated for appropriateness in natamycin degradation studIes. The use of cyclodextrins to increase water solubility was tested to see if a uniform distribution of natamycin over the shredded cheese could be done effectively. Furthermore, a known application of mold was performed to see how well natamycin and each of its applications could prevent visible mold growth from occurring. The International Dairy Federation recognizes two methods to quantify natamycin on shredded cheese: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry. Concentrations of natamycin in aqueous suspensions were determined using both methods. Results show that spectrophotometry is flawed when quantifying the amount of active natamycin because the method gives erroneously high results. The amount of active natamycin is not accurately quantified using spectrophotometric techniques because it cannot separate the active form from the inactive form of natamycin. Polymer packages containing a UV absorber (11.4% light transmission at 350 nm) allow significantly less UV-associated degradation of natamycin than those packages that lacked a UV protectant (90.0% light transmission at 350 nm) (p<0.05). Incorporating a UV absorber into a package helps protect natamycin and its various complexes from UV light degradation, which can increase the shelf life of shredded cheese. However, even with a UV absorber, natamycin is still able to degrade. Natamycin was complexed with different cyclodextrins to help better solubilize natamycin â β-cyclodextrin, hydroxy-propyl β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin. Using cyclodextrins to apply natamycin more uniformly onto shredded cheese did not significantly increase the consistency of distribution (p<0.05). Variability was uniform throughout all treatments with the exception of HPBCD complex. After 27 days, all of the UV packages treated with each of the cyclodextrin treatments containing shredded cheese began to show visible mold growth. Those packages stored in total darkness remained mold free through the duration of the experiment ending on day 62. When untreated with natamycin and an initial concentration of 101-102 spores/gram of Penicillium roqueforti, shredded cheese remained free from visible mold growth for 24 days in total darkness at 4°C. Samples treated with one of the natamycin treatments were able to remain mold free for at least 9 more days, showing visible signs of mold growth at day 33. There was no statistical difference between the treatments of dry natamycin, aqueous suspension natamycin, β-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex, and γ-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex (p<0.05). However, there was a difference with the use of hydroxy-propyl β-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex. Hydroxy-propyl β-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex allowed the shredded cheese to last for 41 days, 17 days longer than the control sample. / Master of Science

Natamycin is an antimycotic with very low water solubility and extremely high photosensitivity, which is used to extend the shelf life of shredded cheese products. The objectives of this research are: (a) to find a new delivery system for natamycin, which increases its aqueous solubility and (b) to increase the chemical stability of natamycin so that it has a prolonged antifungal effect on the surface of the shredded cheese. Molecular inclusion complexes of natamycin were formed with β-, hydroxypropyl β-, and γ- cyclodextrins (CDs) which allowed large increases in aqueous solubility without the use of organic co-solvents or surfactants. The water solubility of natamycin was increased 16-fold, 73- fold, and 152-fold with β-CD, γ-CD, and hydroxypropyl β-CD, respectively. The natamycin:CD inclusion complexes resulted in nearly equivalent in vitro antifungal activity as natamycin in its free state. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was utilized to prove the formation of true inclusion complexes. 1H NMR shift titrations of N-(3 -N-dimethylaminosuccimido) natamycin with β- and γ-CDs enabled determination of the stoichiometry of both complexes as 1:1. Aqueous solutions of natamycin (20 mg/L) were found by quantitative HPLC to be completely degraded after 24 hours of exposure to 1000 lux fluorescent lighting at 4 °C. After 14 days of storage in darkness at 4 °C, 92.2% of natamycin remained in active form. Aqueous solutions of natamycin:β-CD complex and natamycin:γ-CD complex were significantly more stable (p < 0.05) than natamycin in its free state when stored in darkness at 4 °C. Clear poly(ethylene terephthalate) packaging with an ultraviolet light absorber allowed 85.0% natamycin to remain after 14 days of storage under 1000 lux fluorescent lighting at 4 °C. Such dramatic increases in water solubility and light stability will enable natamycin to function as a more effective antimycotic in the food industry. / Master of Science

Streptomycetes are soil filamentous Gram-positive bacteria that produce wide variety of pigments and biologically active substances including macrolides. Some of them are used as very efficient antibiotics and strong antifungal agents in medicine, others have became useful tools for staining biomembranes and detecting cholesterol via their internal fluorescence. Actinomycete Streptomyces durmitorensis (wild type strain MS405T ) is a bacteria isolated from Durmitor National Park in Montenegro soil samples. It produces secondary metabolite that has been identified as 32,33-didehydroroflamycoin (DDHR) closely related to the macrolides roflamycoin and generaly used filipin. DDHR exhibits cytototoxic activity against mammalian cells and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain EGY48. In addition it has interesting fluorescence properties allowing visualization of some membrane components. DDHR interacts with biomembranes, causes their disintegration leading to changes of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton organization and in higher concentrations it causes cells necrosis. DDHR-sterol interaction in cell membranes decreases fluorescence intensity of DDHR. The compound is able to fluorescently stain aberrant lysosomes and could be therefore potentially used in diagnostics of some lysosomal storage disease.