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1	Molecular detection and identification of aquatic mycobacteria Pourahmad, Fazel January 2007 (has links) Mycobacteriosis (fish tuberculosis) is a progressive disease of a wide range of wild and captive marine and freshwater fish species. While Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae are the most frequently reported species to be involved in the disease, several new mycobacteria species have also recently been implicated. Conventional detection / identification of fish mycobacteria is based on histopathology, culture and biochemical characteristics. In this study complementary molecular approaches were developed to assist in Mycobacterium identification. First, a highly specific and sensitive multiplex PCR-based assay, targeting two genes (hsp65 and 16S RNA), was established to simultaneously detect the genus Mycobacterium and identify M. marinum, M. fortuitum or M. chelonae from culture or infected fish tissue, based on presence / absence of specific amplicons. In addition, PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PRA) and DNA sequence analysis of the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and a 441 bp fragment of the hsp65 gene demonstrated the limitations of multiplex PCR (and commercial line probe assays) to differentiate among the species of the M. fortuitum complex. However DNA sequence analysis of the hsp65 gene fragment was found to reliably identify M. fortuitum from closely related species, M. conceptionense and M. senegalense. Reliable identification of novel species (or very similar species) of aquatic mycobacteria requires more extensive DNA sequence comparisons. Thus, multigene (polygenetic) analyses, as used here, provide rapid, accurate and reliable species identification of aquatic mycobacteria. Furthermore, a number of novel species of aquatic mycobacteria, M. stomatepiae, ‘M. angelicum’, ‘M. aemonae’ and M. salmoniphilum were discovered using the polygenetic analysis approach. Correct identification of Mycobacterium species by DNA sequence comparisons relies on accurate database information. Difficulties in this study in assigning M. marine and M. gordonae to their correct taxa suggest errors in the current public sequence repositories. The above methods were successfully applied to detect and identify mycobacteria in field samples including formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) fish tissue, water and frozen fish tissue. 639.3
2	Chapter 1: In Search of Innate Leadership : Discovering, Evaluating and Understanding Innateness Morra, Erica, Zenker, Lisa January 2014 (has links) Every individual is born with different natural competencies that can be honed by both voluntary and involuntary environmental stimuli. The response our genotype decides to make, if any, towards those stimuli, determines how well our competencies develop. Each person’s coding and variations of genes will result in unique qualities in their phenotype, or physical structure. As a result, a person has various traits that are displayed through their behavior. DNA is genetically shown to express itself through traits by up to 75%. This leaves a sort of buffer of around 25%. This region is available for us to adapt to our environmental stimuli. Your innate qualities will not reach their full potential without stimulation from the environment, in a leadership case, with education and training and therefore it can be argued that environmental exposure is necessary to fully expose the potentials and capabilities of an individual, rather than instill a new skill or develop a talent that was not existent before. Innate leadership is not a permanent state, on the contrary, it is a continuously adaptive situation demanding contextual evolutionary changes or resignation from the subject occupying the role. When the needs and demands of a society or era outweigh the relevance of the innate leaders' traits and competencies, an evolution of leadership is needed to maintain a positive relationship between all parties involved. As a result, the innate leader will begin to lose their innateness in their role and unless they evolve and adapt (because the two actions are not the same) to new contextual needs, their tenure as leader will begin to be detrimental and counter-functional. What we want to put forward is a real, universal and constructive understanding of what makes a human happy, motivated and productive and how an innate person in context is a much better solution in the short and long run, for those around them when put to a task. genetic inheritability gene expression genetic determination gene mutation case study innatism traits leadership behaviour brain development brain function neural pathway neural coding SNP variation connectomics genomics heritability leadership theory DNA competencies environment education behavioural psychology genetics trait theory nature vs nurture dopamine neurotransmitters polygenetic traits Google Hitler personality innate leadership Morra Zenker

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Molecular detection and identification of aquatic mycobacteria

Chapter 1: In Search of Innate Leadership : Discovering, Evaluating and Understanding Innateness