The exponential growth of the human population has contributed to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Using science as a tool for informed policy-making can improve the management of our common pool resources. Understanding the conditions that influence groups of individuals to make ethical self-controlled choices may help solve problems related to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Ethical self-control involves the conflict of choice between one that will benefit the individual versus one that will benefit the group. The cumulative effect of many individuals behaving in an ethically self-controlled manner with common resource use may offset some of the harm posed by overuse of common pool resources. Metacontingency arrangements involving ethical self-control may provide some insight as to if and how groups may cooperate to manage a common pool resource. This manuscript proposes an experimental preparation and methodology to evaluate the effects of competing magnitudes of cultural consequences on culturants and their cumulative effect on common pool resources; and provides an analysis and discussion of five trends that might result from such a line of research.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 186 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-186). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1995. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-237). Also available online.

No description available.

Around Sri Lanka and to the south of India sea surface temperatures (SST) are cooler compared to the surrounding region during summer monsoon. This region where SSTs are relatively cooler is known as the cold pool. Owing to its possible impact on monsoon variability, some studies have been carried out to understand the evolution of cold pool SST during this period. These studies suggest, coastal upwelling along southern coast of Sri Lanka and eastward advection of cooler water contributes to the decrease in SST during summer monsoon. However, the processes leading to the formation of cold pool, still, remain unknown. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism responsible for the formation and maintenance of southern Bay of Bengal (BOB) cold pool using high resolution satellite data, model simulations and in-situ observations for the year 2009. Our study reveals formation of cold pool is dominated by atmospheric processes, whereas oceanic processes dominate its maintenance. Cooling of SSTs during premonsoon and onset phase acts as a prerequisites for the formation of cold pool, which are linked to the reduction in Net Heat flux (NHFX) during theses periods. The changes in NHFX during premonsoon and onset phase are dominated by reduction in Short-wave (SW) radiation associated with strong convective activity over cold pool. Convective activity over the cold pool are associated with the northward movement of Maximum Cloud Zone (MCZ) that forms over Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) during these periods. SST within the cold pool after the steady increase during February-April months, cools first during premonsoon rain event and then during monsoon onset. Analysis of high resolution satellite data for the period 2003-2009 suggest that, these sequence of events occurs with minor amount of inter-annual variability. Lead-lag correlation also made it clear that SST response in 5 days to the corresponding variation in atmospheric processes. SST within the cold pool shows several intraseasonal cooling events during the summer mon-soon. Considering that rainfall above the cold pool is very low during the summer monsoon, these cooling events occurring within the summer should be necessary for maintaining the cold pool. The seasonal evolution of SST shows that it continues to decrease till the end of the summer monsoon. In-situ data collected during CTCZ field program in 2009, at two time series locations (TSL) and model simulations were used to determine the processes responsible for such cooling events. To estimate the contribution from advection to the observed SST tendency at fixed location, a measurement stratergy called ‘opertaion advection’ was used in this study. This stratergy involves measurement of oceanographic parameters along four edges from TSL directod along North, South, East and West for estimation of horizontal temperature gradients. Our results from SST cooling events captured by CTD at two fixed locations suggests that horizontal advection and entrainment dominate the SST evolution. Model temperature equation evaluated near the TSLs are convinient with the observations and suggest that atmospheric forcing is not responsible for intraseasonal cooling events.

This thesis investigated the emission and transport of very short–lived halogens (VSLS) over the tropics. VSLS are described as organic halogen gases with lifetimes of less than 6 months. In areas of rapid convective transport they reach the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where they contribute to total bromine loading (~20 pptv) in the stratosphere that is a cause of ozone (O3) depletion. This thesis investigated speed of transport in the tropics using model age of air (Chapter 3), the strength of VSLS source regions in tropical troposphere (Chapter 4), and quantification of their monthly emission fluxes (Chapter 5). The two most abundant VSLS bromoform (CHBr3) and CH2Br2 were focussed on. A new model age of air calculation was used to describe transport of ocean emissions in the tropical latitudes. Age of air describes how long an air mass has been out of contact with the emission source region. The two most rapid convection regions of the Indian Ocean (InO) and Western Pacific (WPa) showed age of air in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to be 25 days. This is similar to the lifetime of CHBr3 (24 days). Using age of air estimated from simulations covering 1989–2013, it was shown how strong El Niño events can increase the age of air over the WPa by 5–7 days in the mid–troposphere, and up to 12 days in the TTL. This increase in age was due to a change in the Walker Circulation, weakening convection in the WPa and increasing convection over the CPa. Over this period, it was shown that age decreases in the tropical circulation system (the Hadley Cell). Decreasing age results from increasing convection, and more rapid transport of VSLS to the upper troposphere, lower stratosphere (UTLS). To study regional emission sources over the WPa, a tagged CHBr3 and CH2Br2 model was developed. It is the first study to quantify how open and coastal emissions contribute separately to the vertical profiles of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 in the WPa. Variability over the WPa is dominated by an open oceanic emission source, with enhanced coastal emissions influencing concentrations in the upper troposphere. Estimations of 3.14 pptv of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 contribution to TTL Bry were in agreement with recent observational studies (3.27 pptv, Navarro et al. (2015)) over the same region. Comparison with aircraft observations showed that the model has a positive bias and this is attributed to over estimation of model emissions. Ground–based observations were used in an inverse model to estimate surface emissions of CHBr3. This method has not been previously used to estimate CHBr3 emissions. The monthly a posteriori emissions had seasonal cycles in the northern and southern hemisphere coastal emissions, and reductions over tropical open oceans. A posteriori emissions were put in to the model and the predicted volume mixing ratios were able to reproduce ground stations observations over the mid–latitude and tropical stations, important for convective transport of VSLS. The model still showed a bias when compared to CAST and CONTRAST aircraft observations over the Western Pacific, but the mean model minus observed residual was reduced by around 0.3 pptv and 0.1 pptv for respective CAST and CONTRAST campaigns from the a priori emissions.

Abstrakt The work deals with the content of iodine in pools samples cow's milk. It provides information about the content of iodine in the Czech Republic within years and districts. Milk was obtained in collaboration with Madeta a.s. Iodine was subsequently determined by spectrophotometry after alkaline combustion of the sample (Sandell-Kolthoff method). A total were evaluated of 149 samples milk (2013-2015). In 2013, the average iodine content in bulk milk samples 289,3 gl-1. In 2014, the average iodine content in bulk milk samples 222,2 microgram.l-1. In terms of food source of iodine in the milk TRÁVNÍČEK et al. (2011) reported the optimal value for the content of iodine in the milk of between 100 to 200 microgram.l-1. The results are thus slightly higher than the optimum. Within the districts was found the highest average in 2013 in the district of Tábor (398,0 microgram.l-1). The highest average content measured in 2014 was found in the district Prachatice (357,0 microgram.l-1), while the lowest average value measured was found in the district Třebíč (163,0 microgram.l-1).

CERQUEIRA, João Victor Abreu. Fotoproteção do PSI induzida por estresses abióticos que restringem a assimilação de CO2 é contrastante em J. curcas e R. communis. 2016. 105 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Aline Mendes (alinemendes.ufc@gmail.com) on 2016-08-22T18:46:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_jvacerqueira.pdf: 2430427 bytes, checksum: a4b8e8c95163077e4dce7e0363493b4e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-23T18:26:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_jvacerqueira.pdf: 2430427 bytes, checksum: a4b8e8c95163077e4dce7e0363493b4e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T18:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_jvacerqueira.pdf: 2430427 bytes, checksum: a4b8e8c95163077e4dce7e0363493b4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Several abiotic stresses induced photodamage to photosystem II (PSII). This photodamage is generated by an imbalance between the reducing power generated by the reductive stage of photosynthesis and limitations in consumption of the Calvin cycle. Stresses that promote stomatal closure with salinity and water deficiency are well known for this purpose. When the stress is prolonged, damage can induce photoinhibition of PSII. However, PSI can also be inhibited. In vivo, studies have revealed that the PSI is more resistant than PSII. Moreover, in vitro studies show that PSI in isolated thylakoid membranes suffers inhibition even at low light levels (50 μmol.m-2s-1). This suggests that PSI in vivo requires photoprotective mechanism to prevent a collapse of the plant. Also, due to the low turnover rate of PSI protein complex, photoinhibition is more severe in PSI than in PSII, because this phenomenon is irreversible. On the other hand, there have been few studies of the photoinhibition of PSI in plants due to three factors: the difficulty of measuring the activity of PSI, the limited combination of plant species and environmental conditions in which the phenomenon could occur, and the non-regulatory aspect of photoinhibition of PSI. However, new methodologies capable of measuring in vivo the PSI and capable of inducing the PSI photoinhibition techniques have been developed and used to better understand how plants avoid this phenomenon. Ricinus communis and the Jatropha curcas are two said species adapted to arid and semi-arid regions. Both species have developed mechanisms to deal with the energy imbalance generated by drought and salinity. For this reason, this two species were selected. In this study, both species were subjected to salt stress and the answers were analyzed using biophysical methods such as gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, absorbance of P700. Surprisingly, the plant Ricinus communis had a larger pool of oxidation potential of P700 under stress even having reduced the cyclic electron flow (CEF). Jatropha curcas showed a reduction in the pool P700 and an increase in the EFC. The oxidation of P700 is displayed in the literature as a way of avoiding photoinhibition PSI, however this mechanism is generally attributed to the increase in proton motive force (PMF) generated by an increase in the EFC. The pmf actually increase because there was an increase in power dissipation as heat measured by the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The plant Ricinus communis had the PSI inhibited artificially. The plants under salt stress, better able to tolerate the photoinhibition of PSI despite having increased the hydrogen peroxide synthesis (H2O2). Subsequently, the experiment was repeated in Ricinus communis changing treated water deficit. The results presented by plants in salt stress and inhibited PSI were similar to stressed plants by water deficit stress and inhibited PSI. In conclusion, the study suggests that plant Ricinus communis under stresses which limit the Calvin cycle activate photoprotective mechanisms possibly increase the pmf oxidize P700, but this mechanism is not dependent on CEF. / Diversos estresses abióticos induzem o fotodano ao fotossistema II (PSII). Esse fotodano é gerado por um desbalanço entre o poder redutor gerado pela fase redutora da fotossíntese e o consumo desses redutores pelo ciclo de Calvin promovendo dano aos fotossistemas. Caso esses estresse se prolonguem, o dano pode induzir a fotoinibição. Ambos os fotossistemas podem sofre fotoinibição. Apesar disso, poucos grupos estudaram a fotoinibição do PSI em plantas devido a uma série de dificuldades para estudar esse complexo. Por outro lado, analises in vitro sugerem que a fotoinibição do PSI é mais severa do que a fotoinibição do PSII, pois esse fenômeno é irreversível. Ricinus communis e Jatropha curcas são duas espécies ditas adaptadas a regiões áridas e semiáridas. Ambas as plantas desenvolveram mecanismos para lidar com o desbalanço de energia gerado pela deficiência hídrica e pela salinidade. Por essa razão, essas plantas foram selecionadas como modelos. Nesse estudo, ambas as espécies foram submetidas ao estresse salino e as repostas foram analisadas por meio de métodos biofísicos como trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a e absorbância do P700. Surpreendentemente, as plantas de Ricinus communis apresentaram um maior potencial de oxidação do pool de P700 em estresse mesmo tendo reduzido o fluxo cíclico de elétrons (CEF) enquanto a Jatropha curcas apresentou uma redução no pool de P700 e um aumento no CEF. A oxidação do P700 tem sido apresentada pela literatura como uma forma de evitar a fotoinibição do PSI, no entanto esse mecanismo é geralmente atribuído ao aumento no ΔpH gerado por um aumento na CEF. Posteriormente, as plantas de Ricinus communis de ambos os tratamentos tiveram o PSI inibido artificialmente. As plantas que previamente sofreram com estresse salino, conseguiram tolerar melhor a fotoinibição do PSI apesar de terem aumentado a síntese de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Outro estudo foi realizado apenas com plantas de Ricinus communis com deficiência hídrica. Os resultados apresentados pelas plantas em estresse salino e com o PSI inibido foram similares aos de plantas estressadas pelo estresse de deficiência hídrica e com o PSI inibido. Em conclusão, o trabalho sugere que plantas de Ricinus communis expostas a estresses que limitam o ciclo de Calvin ativam mecanismos fotoprotetores que possivelmente aumentam a pmf e oxidam o P700, mas esse mecanismo não é dependente do CEF.

This study investigates how increased wind power production (in MWh) in Sweden has affected electricity price volatility in the Nordic wholesale electricity exchange Nord Pool. The importance and growth of wind power have emerged in light of its low marginal costs of production and it being a renewable, zero-carbon electricity generation source. Previous studies have found that while increased wind power production generally lowers the average wholesale price of electricity, volatility tends to increase due to the intermittent character of wind power production. By using daily price and wind power data from the Nordic exchange market Nord Pool during the period 2015-2017, a GARCH model was used to investigate how wind power has affected price volatility. The results indicate that electricity price volatility increases in the long run when wind power production increases. The reasons behind this could be found in the inflexibility of baseload power production. However, the Swedish electric power system also benefits from a high degree of flexibility due to the presence of hydropower reservoirs.

Thesis advisor: Heather C. Olins / This study creates a protocol to investigate microplastics in local freshwater wetlands surrounding Boston College. This study also investigated potential plastic-degrading bacteria in the sediment of local freshwater wetlands. A list of potential plastic-degrading bacterial species and genera were compiled from the literature. Using these compiled lists, we searched for these potential plastic-degrading organisms in our metagenomics and 16S datasets. Looking for potential correlations between abiotic factors and the abundance of potential plastic-degrading bacteria, for both data sets, it was found that sandy sediment had a higher abundance of potential plastic-degrading bacteria than non-sandy sediment. Finally, our list of plastic-degrading bacterial species was cross-referenced with a previously compiled list of potential pathogens. Of the 26 taxa in our sites that were identified as potential plastic-degrading bacteria, 57.69% of those taxa are also potentially pathogenic to humans. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.