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Objective: This study attempts to estimate the proportion of incident cases of bladder cancer in Ontario, Canada that is due to exposure to occupational carcinogens. Methods: The population attributable risk approach is used to estimate the proportion of bladder cancer in Ontario that is due to occupation. Risk ratios were obtained from a review of epidemiologic literature using a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. Summary risk estimates for each bladder carcinogen included were calculated using RevMan 4.2. The CAREX Canada database provided Ontario-specific estimates of the proportion of workers exposed to bladder carcinogens. Results: In Ontario, the proportion of bladder cancer due to occupational exposure is approximately 5.6% (95% CI 0.2% to 14%). Based on the incident number of bladder cancer cases in 2001 in Ontario, it is estimated that approximately 52 new cases of bladder cancer were due to occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel exhaust, aromatic amines and 2-naphthylamine. An alternate interpretation is if these occupational exposures were eliminated, 52 cases of bladder cancer per year in Ontario alone could be avoided. Conclusion and Recommendations: The current study advances our knowledge of the extent to which specific occupational bladder carcinogens contribute to the overall bladder cancer burden in Ontario. The current study highlights the utility of the CAREX Canada database in advancing current knowledge on the burden of occupational cancer in Ontario. The methods used to estimate the proportion of bladder cancer attributable to occupational exposure in Ontario may be replicated to estimate the proportion of cancer in Ontario that is due to occupational exposure. / Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2008-08-29 20:08:46.713

Campylobacter is currently the most common cause of acute bacterial diarrhoea in Australia among all the notified enteric pathogens with more than 15,000 cases each year. The incidence of notified campylobacteriosis has steadily increased during the past 15 years from 67.0/100,000 population in 1991 to 121.4/100,000 in 2005, though the factors contributing to this increase had not been studied. Adjusting for under-reporting there are, at this point in time, an estimated 225,000 infections occurring each year in Australia, most of which are sporadic in nature. Much of our knowledge in Australia about risk factors for sporadic disease has been based on overseas literature. Prior to the studies undertaken in this thesis, the epidemiology of Campylobacter infection had not been thoroughly studied in Australia, nor had there been any national studies examining risk factors for locally-acquired infection. The broad aim of this thesis was to examine in depth the descriptive epidemiology of Campylobacter infection in Australia, explore the reasons for the sustained increase in incidence of infection and to identify the major risk factors for locally acquired infection using a multi-centre case-control study design. The descriptive study of the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in Australia was based on Australian notifiable disease surveillance data collected over a 15-year period between 1991 and 2005. This study described the key epidemiological characteristics of this disease in Australia and identified some significant differences in incidence trends across states and territories and among different age groups which had not been previously reported. The study identified gaps in our knowledge of this disease in Australia and made recommendations for future research including the investigation of factors associated with the decline in incidence of infection among children aged  4 years and further studies to identify age and sex-specific risk factors for infection. The issue of seasonality, transmission routes and infection was addressed and areas for further research were specified including longitudinal studies at a regional level that incorporate a comparison of human, animal and environmental genotypes. This study also provided strong compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that the increase in notification rates in Australia during this period represented a real increase in the incidence of infection and that the main driving force behind this rise has been the ongoing increase in chicken consumption among the Australian public. The multi-centre case-control study, involving 1,714 participants  5 years of age, identified the major foodborne and non-foodborne risk factors for Campylobacter infection among the general population in Australia. This study confirmed that chicken meat is a major source of sporadic infection in this country and is responsible for almost one-third of all cases that occur in the Australian community each year. Other independent risk factors for sporadic infection in Australia included consumption of offal and ownership of domestic dogs or chickens aged  6 months. The Nagelkerke R² value of 16% for the final multivariable model indicated a considerable proportion of our case-patients had unexplained risk factors. The combined population attributable risk (PAR) estimate for the independent foodborne risk factors in this study was 31%, which is considerably less than the 75% to 80% of cases in the general population which are thought to be caused through foodborne transmission. Possible explanations for these results include the likelihood that a proportion of foodborne transmission in Australia occurs through food vehicles other than chicken due to cross-contamination from raw products, and the likelihood that much of the population attributable risk that is unaccountered for, may in fact be due to inherent limitations of study design resulting in systematic errors (information bias) and possibly reduced estimates of effect. The burden of illness among the general population in Australia attributable to different independent risk factors was estimated using a novel method developed specifically for this study. Briefly, community incidence data was coupled with PAR data from the case-control study and simulation techniques were used to: (i) estimate the number of infections attributable to specific risk factors, and (ii) derive credible intervals for these estimates by modeling the uncertainty in each variable component. This model of using case-control data in conjunction with pre-existing surveillance data provides researchers with a simple but robust tool for conducting source attribution studies on enteric pathogens. In conclusion, the studies undertaken in this thesis have made important contributions to our understanding of the epidemiology of sporadic Campylobacter infection in Australia.

In a large population-based study among adults in northern Europe the relation between occupational exposure and new-onset asthma was studied. The study comprised 13 284 subjects born between 1945 and 1973, who answered a questionnaire 19891992 and again 19992001. Asthma was defined as Asthma diagnosed by a physician with reported year of diagnose. Hazard ratios (HR), for new-onset adult asthma during 19802000, were calculated using a modified job-exposure matrix as well as high-risk occupations in Cox regression models. The analyses were made separately for men and women and were also stratified for atopy. During the observation period there were 429 subjects with new-onset asthma with an asthma incidence of 1.3 cases per 1000 person-years for men and 2.4 for women. A significant increase in new-onset asthma was seen for men exposed to plant-associated antigens (HR 3.6; 95% CI [confidence interval] 1.49.0), epoxy (HR 2.4; 95% CI 1.34.5), diisocyanates (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.23.7) and accidental peak exposures to irritants (HR 2.4; 95% CI 1.34.7). Both men and women exposed to cleaning agents had an increased asthma risk. When stratifying for atopy an increased asthma risk were seen in non-atopic men exposed to acrylates (HR 3.3; 95% CI 1.47.5), epoxy compounds (HR 3.6; 95% CI 1.67.9), diisocyanates and accidental peak exposures to irritants (HR 3.0; 95% CI 1.27.2). Population attributable risk for occupational asthma was 14% for men and 7% for women. This population-based study showed that men exposed to epoxy, diisocyanates and acrylates had an increased risk of new-onset asthma. Non-atopics seemed to be at higher risk than atopics, except for exposure to high molecular weight agents. Increased asthma risks among cleaners, spray painters, plumbers, and hairdressers were confirmed.