O terceiro período do parto inicia-se após a expulsão do feto e termina com o desprendimento da placenta. A perda sanguínea pós-parto está diretamente associada com o tempo de desprendimento placentário e a contratilidade uterina. A recomendação do manejo ativo do terceiro período do parto pela ICM/FIGO e OMS se pauta nas evidências científicas do seu potencial em reduzir morbimortalidade materna. Este compreende as seguintes intervenções: administração profilática de ocitócitos, após o nascimento do bebê, clampeamento e secção do cordão umbilical precoces; tração controlada do cordão e massagem em fundo uterino, com a finalidade de reduzir a perda sanguínea pós-parto. Objetivo: identificar como é realizado o manejo do terceiro período clínico na condução de partos normais em uma maternidade-escola e analisar os resultados obstétricos no puerpério imediato. Metodologia: A amostra constituiu-se de 142 parturientes. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de observação não participante, respaldada por formulário testado previamente em estudo piloto. Resultados: A dequitação foi espontânea em 98,6% dos partos, com duração média de 8,79 ± 7,48 minutos. O clampeamento e secção precoces do cordão umbilical foram a intervenção mais realizada (93,7%); seguidos pela tração controlada de cordão (87,3%); massagem em fundo uterino (70,4%); contato precoce (52,8%); aleitamento precoce (34,5%); uso de ergotamina (3,5%). A ocitocina foi utilizada apenas como terapêutica adicional após o parto (73,9%), dosagem média de 9,48 ± 9,47 UI. Foram identificadas as seguintes complicações: sangramento em média quantidade (15,5%); curagem (4,2%) e sangramento em grande quantidade (3,5%). Não foi encontrado associação estatisticamente significantes ( teste exato de Fisher ) entre os componentes do manejo ativo e ocorrência de sangramento em média ou grande quantidade. Foi identificado associação significante entre o peso fetal (p= 0,043), e quase significância para a cor branca (p= 0,074) e o sangramento pós-parto. Não foi encontrada associação com outras variáveis independentes. Considerações finais: Embora o manejo ativo do terceiro período do parto apresente evidências científicas sobre sua eficácia, os resultados revelam que ainda persiste resistência em relação à sua aplicação e que muitos dos seus componentes não foram aderidos na instituição estudada, sendo realizado um manejo \"misto\" (componentes do manejo ativo e do manejo expectante). A presença de complicação bem como sua seriedade foi de pequena freqüência. Destacamos a necessidade de continuidade de estudos sobre a temática e especialmente quanto a avaliação objetiva da perda sanguínea e repercussões clínicas no puerpério. / The third stage of labor starts after expulsion of the fetus and ends with the detachment of the placenta. The post-partum blood loss is directly associated to the time of placental detachment and uterine contractility. The active management recommendations for the third stage of labor, issued by ICM/FIGO and WHO, are based on scientific evidence concerning its potential to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. It encompasses the following interventions: prophylactic administration of oxytocins, after delivery of the baby; early clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord; controlled traction of the cord and massage of the uterine fundus, with the purpose of reducing post-partum blood loss. Objective: to identify the way of managing the third clinical stage of a normal delivery in a teaching maternity hospital and to analyze the obstetric results in the immediate puerperium. Methodology: The sample consisted of 142 women in labor. Data collection was performed by non-participating observation, backed-up by a form previously tested in a pilot study. Results: Afterbirth was spontaneous in 98.6% of the deliveries, with an average duration of 8.79±7.48 minutes. Early clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord were the most frequently performed intervention (93.7%), followed by controlled traction of the cord (87.3%), massage of the uterine fundus (70.4%); early contact (52.8%); early breastfeeding (34.5%); use of ergotamine (3.5%). Oxytocin was used only as an additional therapeutic after delivery (73.9%), at a mean dosage of 9.48±9.47 IU. The following complications were identified: medium-amount bleeding (15.5%); curage (4.2%), and large-amount bleeding (3.5%). No statistically significant association was found (Fisher\'s exact test) between the components of the active management and the occurrence of medium- or large-amount bleeding. A statistically significant association between fetal weight and post-partum bleeding (p=0.043), and an almost significant association between Caucasian ethnicity and post-partum bleeding (p=0.074) were identified. No association with other independent variables was found. Final considerations: Although there is scientific evidence indicating that the active management in the third stage of labor is effective, our results reveal that resistance to adopt it persists and that there was no adhesion to many of its components in the studied institution, where a \"mixed\" management is done (components of the active management and of the passive management). The frequency of complications and their severity were low. We stress the need for further studies on this subject, especially regarding an objective evaluation of blood loss and its clinical repercussions during the puerperium.

O terceiro período do parto inicia-se após a expulsão do feto e termina com o desprendimento da placenta. A perda sanguínea pós-parto está diretamente associada com o tempo de desprendimento placentário e a contratilidade uterina. A recomendação do manejo ativo do terceiro período do parto pela ICM/FIGO e OMS se pauta nas evidências científicas do seu potencial em reduzir morbimortalidade materna. Este compreende as seguintes intervenções: administração profilática de ocitócitos, após o nascimento do bebê, clampeamento e secção do cordão umbilical precoces; tração controlada do cordão e massagem em fundo uterino, com a finalidade de reduzir a perda sanguínea pós-parto. Objetivo: identificar como é realizado o manejo do terceiro período clínico na condução de partos normais em uma maternidade-escola e analisar os resultados obstétricos no puerpério imediato. Metodologia: A amostra constituiu-se de 142 parturientes. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de observação não participante, respaldada por formulário testado previamente em estudo piloto. Resultados: A dequitação foi espontânea em 98,6% dos partos, com duração média de 8,79 ± 7,48 minutos. O clampeamento e secção precoces do cordão umbilical foram a intervenção mais realizada (93,7%); seguidos pela tração controlada de cordão (87,3%); massagem em fundo uterino (70,4%); contato precoce (52,8%); aleitamento precoce (34,5%); uso de ergotamina (3,5%). A ocitocina foi utilizada apenas como terapêutica adicional após o parto (73,9%), dosagem média de 9,48 ± 9,47 UI. Foram identificadas as seguintes complicações: sangramento em média quantidade (15,5%); curagem (4,2%) e sangramento em grande quantidade (3,5%). Não foi encontrado associação estatisticamente significantes ( teste exato de Fisher ) entre os componentes do manejo ativo e ocorrência de sangramento em média ou grande quantidade. Foi identificado associação significante entre o peso fetal (p= 0,043), e quase significância para a cor branca (p= 0,074) e o sangramento pós-parto. Não foi encontrada associação com outras variáveis independentes. Considerações finais: Embora o manejo ativo do terceiro período do parto apresente evidências científicas sobre sua eficácia, os resultados revelam que ainda persiste resistência em relação à sua aplicação e que muitos dos seus componentes não foram aderidos na instituição estudada, sendo realizado um manejo \"misto\" (componentes do manejo ativo e do manejo expectante). A presença de complicação bem como sua seriedade foi de pequena freqüência. Destacamos a necessidade de continuidade de estudos sobre a temática e especialmente quanto a avaliação objetiva da perda sanguínea e repercussões clínicas no puerpério. / The third stage of labor starts after expulsion of the fetus and ends with the detachment of the placenta. The post-partum blood loss is directly associated to the time of placental detachment and uterine contractility. The active management recommendations for the third stage of labor, issued by ICM/FIGO and WHO, are based on scientific evidence concerning its potential to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. It encompasses the following interventions: prophylactic administration of oxytocins, after delivery of the baby; early clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord; controlled traction of the cord and massage of the uterine fundus, with the purpose of reducing post-partum blood loss. Objective: to identify the way of managing the third clinical stage of a normal delivery in a teaching maternity hospital and to analyze the obstetric results in the immediate puerperium. Methodology: The sample consisted of 142 women in labor. Data collection was performed by non-participating observation, backed-up by a form previously tested in a pilot study. Results: Afterbirth was spontaneous in 98.6% of the deliveries, with an average duration of 8.79±7.48 minutes. Early clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord were the most frequently performed intervention (93.7%), followed by controlled traction of the cord (87.3%), massage of the uterine fundus (70.4%); early contact (52.8%); early breastfeeding (34.5%); use of ergotamine (3.5%). Oxytocin was used only as an additional therapeutic after delivery (73.9%), at a mean dosage of 9.48±9.47 IU. The following complications were identified: medium-amount bleeding (15.5%); curage (4.2%), and large-amount bleeding (3.5%). No statistically significant association was found (Fisher\'s exact test) between the components of the active management and the occurrence of medium- or large-amount bleeding. A statistically significant association between fetal weight and post-partum bleeding (p=0.043), and an almost significant association between Caucasian ethnicity and post-partum bleeding (p=0.074) were identified. No association with other independent variables was found. Final considerations: Although there is scientific evidence indicating that the active management in the third stage of labor is effective, our results reveal that resistance to adopt it persists and that there was no adhesion to many of its components in the studied institution, where a \"mixed\" management is done (components of the active management and of the passive management). The frequency of complications and their severity were low. We stress the need for further studies on this subject, especially regarding an objective evaluation of blood loss and its clinical repercussions during the puerperium.

Abstract Although in Finland the incidence of maternal and neonatal mortality in labor is very low, labor carries some risks. This study focused on two major complications in labor: fetal asphyxia and maternal hemorrhage. The roles of fetal electrocardiographic ST-analysis (STAN) and pelvic artery embolization in the prevention and management of these complications were investigated. Intrapartum fetal monitoring aims at a timely detection of fetal hypoxemia. When non-selected parturients were randomly assigned to be monitored during labor either by STAN or conventional cardiotocography, no differences between the groups were detected in terms of neonatal outcome and operative delivery rates. Only the incidence of fetal blood sampling was lower in the STAN group. In the interpretation of the STAN tracings according to the guideline matrix provided by the STAN manufacturer, the interobserver agreement was moderate; in terms of clinical decision -making as to whether to intervene in the labor, this agreement varied from moderate to good among STAN-trained obstetricians. The aim of prophylactic pelvic artery occlusion balloon catheterization, with or without embolization, is to reduce hemorrhage in elective cesarean operations in patients with placenta accreta. Furthermore, pelvic arterial embolization may be performed post partum if bleeding continues after cesarean hysterectomy, or may serve as an alternative to hysterectomy. In the present study, pelvic artery catheterization and embolization did not reduce blood loss during cesarean delivery, nor did it decrease the need to perform hysterectomy in patients with placenta accreta. In the management of massive postpartum hemorrhage, pelvic artery embolization was most successful in patients with uterine atony, with a success rate of 75% in achieving hemostasis. However, the angiographic method included risk of complications, the most hazardous being thromboembolic complications. To conclude, STAN does not provide improvement in intrapartum fetal monitoring when compared to cardiotocography, but the need for fetal blood sampling is reduced. This may relate to the fact that subjective interpretation of STAN data is moderate at best. Prophylactic catheterization and embolization of pelvic arteries does not improve the surgical outcome of patients with placenta accreta. In the management of postpartum hemorrhage, pelvic artery embolization should be considered, especially in cases with uterine atony.

<p>Transcatheter Arterial Embolization (TAE) is a method in which a catheter is inserted into an artery under fluoroscopy guidance. By using material that creates a thrombus, inserted through the catheter, the artery can be occluded and the bleeding stopped.</p><p>Endoscopy is the treatment of choice in upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, but 10% to 30% of patients rebleed and needs other treatment options. Post Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) may evolve rapidly and can become life threatening. Obstetrical treatment will manage most cases, but in some cases emergency surgery is needed and in the worst case hysterectomy.</p><p>The primary aim of this thesis was to evaluate the clinical usefulness, improve the TAE technique and compare the outcome of TAE with surgery used as “salvage therapy” in patients with upper GI bleeding. Evaluate TAE technique and the long-term effect on the menstrual cycle and fertility in severe PPH.</p><p>To evaluate the clinical usefulness 13 patients were treated with TAE after endoscopic treatment failure and 5 were treated for recurrent hemorrhage after emergency surgery. </p><p>The clinical outcome and mortality rate of 40 patients treated with TAE was compared with 51 patients treated with surgery of upper GI bleedings. </p><p>In 13 patients the ulcer was marked with placement of a metallic clip at endoscopy to be able to locate the exact site of the bleeding ulcer during the TAE procedure.</p><p>A retrospective study of 20 patients with severe PPH treated with bilateral TAE of the uterine artery was performed. </p><p>TAE was found to be effective and an alternative to emergency surgery for control of massive upper GI bleeding. The 30-day mortality was lower in the TAE group (3%) compared to the surgical group (14%). </p><p>By marking the bleeding ulcer at endoscopy using a metallic clip the site of bleeding could be identified on angiography without extravasation of contrast media.</p><p>No major impact on fertility or menstruation cycle was found in patients treated with TAE in PPH. TAE in PPH is safe and have no major long-term side effect. By using TAE in PPH hysterectomy can be avoided.</p>

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization (TAE) is a method in which a catheter is inserted into an artery under fluoroscopy guidance. By using material that creates a thrombus, inserted through the catheter, the artery can be occluded and the bleeding stopped. Endoscopy is the treatment of choice in upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, but 10% to 30% of patients rebleed and needs other treatment options. Post Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) may evolve rapidly and can become life threatening. Obstetrical treatment will manage most cases, but in some cases emergency surgery is needed and in the worst case hysterectomy. The primary aim of this thesis was to evaluate the clinical usefulness, improve the TAE technique and compare the outcome of TAE with surgery used as “salvage therapy” in patients with upper GI bleeding. Evaluate TAE technique and the long-term effect on the menstrual cycle and fertility in severe PPH. To evaluate the clinical usefulness 13 patients were treated with TAE after endoscopic treatment failure and 5 were treated for recurrent hemorrhage after emergency surgery. The clinical outcome and mortality rate of 40 patients treated with TAE was compared with 51 patients treated with surgery of upper GI bleedings. In 13 patients the ulcer was marked with placement of a metallic clip at endoscopy to be able to locate the exact site of the bleeding ulcer during the TAE procedure. A retrospective study of 20 patients with severe PPH treated with bilateral TAE of the uterine artery was performed. TAE was found to be effective and an alternative to emergency surgery for control of massive upper GI bleeding. The 30-day mortality was lower in the TAE group (3%) compared to the surgical group (14%). By marking the bleeding ulcer at endoscopy using a metallic clip the site of bleeding could be identified on angiography without extravasation of contrast media. No major impact on fertility or menstruation cycle was found in patients treated with TAE in PPH. TAE in PPH is safe and have no major long-term side effect. By using TAE in PPH hysterectomy can be avoided.