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The losses on the Swedish national power grid correspond to 2,8 % of the total energy input on the grid and even a small reduction of this can therfore be worth introducing. The purpose of the thesis is to summarise different ways to influence the losses on the Swedish national grid as well as calculating the possible loss reduction from two of these influence possibilities. The study has been requested by the Swidish transmission system operator, Svenska kraftnät. The study is limited to the Swedish power grid with voltages 400 kV and 220 kV. The influence possibilities exclude anything that demand physical changes to be made on the power grid. The study is mostly based on interviews with people that have insight in the isssue, ss well as a study on relevant literature. The result show that there are seven different possible ways to reduce the losses on the power grid. What extent of measures that is necessary for instating these loss reductions varies, but thay arr described in the study. Calculations on two of these loss influences where made and showed that a loss reduction of around 740 MWh/year can be achieved from optimizing the usage of power transformers on the grid. Furthermore, other calculations show that if the maintenance method, live work, had been used for the past ten years, losses could have been decreased by approximately 58 800 MWh. This shows that the possible loss reduction can vary a lot depending on which method you use.

High-efficiency performance is one of the most important requirements of power amplifiers (PAs) for wireless applications. However, the design of highly efficient CMOS PAs for watt-level applications is a challenging task. This dissertation focuses on the development of the design method for highly efficient CMOS PAs to overcome the fundamental difficulties presented by CMOS technology. In this dissertation, the design method and analysis for a high-power and highefficiency class-E CMOS PA with a fully integrated transformer have been presented. This work is the first effort to set up a comprehensive design methodology for a fully integrated class-E CMOS PA including effects of an integrated transformer, which is very crucial for watt-level power applications. In addition, to improve efficiency of cascode class-E CMOS PAs, a charging acceleration technique is developed. The method accelerates a charging speed to turn off the common-gate device in the off-state, thus reducing the power loss. To demonstrate the proposed cascode class-E PA, a prototype CMOS PA was implemented in a 0.18-μm CMOS process. Measurements show an improvement of approximately 6% in the power added efficiency. The proposed cascode class-E PA structure is suitable for the design of high-efficiency class-E PAs while it reduces the voltage stress across the device.

In this thesis a model is developed for calculating the loads on the wetclutches in apowershift transmission. This thesis was done at Volvo CE in Eskilstuna and is focusedon their 4-speed countershaft transmissions. The goal of the project is to be able tocalculate the loads automatically during the transmission tests and thus acquire increasedknowledge about what occurs during operation.The model was developed by first generating a number of concepts and then evalu-ating them to decide which one should be developed further. The chosen concept wasthen developed further and implemented into the test equipment as a calculation script.The chosen loads to model were the energy absorbed in each clutch, the coefficient offriction (COF) and the slip distance. The COF was later found to give too unreliableresults to be used in any other way than as a benchmark for how well the model wasconfigured and to see any large changes in COF.The model was validated by calculating the energy absorbed in a HTE-200 seriestransmission and comparing it to a reference calculation model. It was seen that theresults from the new model are very close to the reference result. The energy lostcalculated by the new model will be equal to 94 % of the energy lost calculated by thereference model, but only when measuring the inertia phase. The energy lost is equalto 135 % when the torque phase is included. The increasing difference is believed tobe because of an error in the reference model that means it does not cover the torquephase.

Denna rapport innehåller en utredning av effektflöden på Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB:s mottagningsstationer och optimering av driftläggning för dess effektkondensatorbatterier och transformatorer. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB har sedan 30 år haft effektkondensatorbatterier inkopplade nästan hela året och dessa behöver av åldersskäl snart bytas ut. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB har därför behov av nya rutiner för driftläggning av effektkondensatorbatterier efter det att Svenska Kraftnät och Vattenfall AB har infört nya regler för de reaktiva effektflödena i elnätet. I utredningen om effektkondensatorbatterier har det gjorts en investeringskalkyl med tre alternativ för inköp. Alternativ 1 med central faskompensering på mottagningsstation, alternativ 2 med faskompensering på mottagningsstation kompletterat med faskompensering på abonnentstationer och alternativ 3 med lokal faskompensering på abonnentstationer.  Det framkom i utredningen att alternativ 2: Central faskompensering kompletterat med faskompensering på abonnentstationer är mest lämplig att genomföra.   Det har tidigare konstaterats att det under delar av året har varit låg belastning på några av mottagningsstationernas transformatorer. Det har aldrig utretts om det är lönsamt att stänga av den ena transformatorn under hela eller delar av året. I utredningen om driftläggning av transformatorerna på mottagningsstationerna har det beaktats tre alternativ. Ett alternativ innebär att en transformator körs i tomgång utan last och ett alternativ med en helt avstängd transformator. Det tredje alternativet är att inte göra någon förändring. I utredningen framkom det att det mest lämpliga är att inte göra någon förändring eftersom riskerna med avstängning är större än den ekonomiska vinsten på c:a 101000 SEK. / This report contains a study of power flows in Uddevalla Energi AB receiving stations and optimization of the operation control of its power capacitor batteries and transformers. For the past thirty years, Uddevalla Energi AB has employed power capacitor batteries almost all year around and these need soon to be replaced due to ageing. Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB has a need for new procedures for the operation control of the power capacitor batteries following new regulations introduced by Svenska Kraftnät and Vattenfall AB for reactive power flows on the grid. In the study of power capacitor batteries, there has been an investment calculation with three alternative purchase options. Option one is central phase compensation at the receiving station, option two is phase compensation at the receiving station supplemented with phase compensation at subscriber stations and option three is a local phase compensation at subscriber stations. The investment calculation shows that the second option: Central phase compensation supplemented with phase compensation at subscriber stations is the most favourable to implement. It has previously been found that, during certain times of the year, there has been a low load on some of the transformers of the receiving stations. It has never been investigated if it is profitable to turn off one of the transformer for the entire, or part of the year. In the investigation of the operation control of the transformers at the receiving stations, three alternatives have been considered. One alternative is that one transformer is in idle operation without load, the second alternative is that one transformer is completely turned off. The third alternative is to make no change. The study showed that the preferred alternative is to make no change, because the risks of turning off transformers are greater than the economic gain, that is approximately 101000 SEK.

In this work, the potential of intelligent algorithms for optimizing the real power loss and enhancing the grid connection power factor in a real hydrocarbon facility electrical system is assessed. Namely, genetic algorithm (GA), improve strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm (SPEA2) and differential evolutionary algorithm (DEA) are developed and implemented. The economic impact associated with these objectives optimization is highlighted. The optimization of the subject objectives is addressed as single and multi-objective constrained nonlinear problems. Different generation modes and system injected reactive power cases are evaluated. The studied electrical system constraints and parameters are all real values. The uniqueness of this thesis is that none of the previous literature studies addressed the technical and economic impacts of optimizing the aforementioned objectives for real hydrocarbon facility electrical system. All the economic analyses in this thesis are performed based on real subsidized cost of energy for the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The obtained results demonstrate the high potential of optimizing the studied system objectives and enhancing the economics of the utilized generation fuel via the application of intelligent algorithms.

The objective of this Master’s thesis is to find shape optimal design based on min- imizing friction force of thrust bearing by using genetic algorithm(GA) which is one of an optimization toolbox in Matlab. Reducing the friction force of thrust bearing is one way of making shaft to decreasing friction losses. With four parameters of thrust bearing geometry number of segments(m), angle of running surface(), segment inner radius(R0), and segment outer radius(R1) substitute in Reynolds’ equation. In order to know friction force, it is necessary to generate a connecting variable, oil film thickness(h0) from loading capacity(W ) and revolution per minute(rpm). Friction power loss, as well as weight func- tion conclude the final shape optimization of thrust bearing: m = 7, = 0.1, R0 = 15 mm, and R1 = 20 mm.

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