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A modern representation of the flow of electromagnetic power and energy using the Poynting's vector and a generalized Poynting's theoremHsu, Hsin I 08 July 2011 (has links)
A comprehensive and rigorous description of instantaneous balance of electromagnetic power defined as the derivative of energy with respect to time is offered by the Poynting's theorem. Such theorem is expressed as the sum of a series of volume integrals representing the volume densities of densities of different components of electromagnetic power and the power flow through the general surface surrounding the entire domain in which the Poynting's vector expresses the instantaneous power leaving the domain (the positive normal is the outward normal to the enclosing surface). The original feature of the present approach is the introduction in the electromagnetic power balance and conservation of the electromechanical energy conversion by the use of the flux derivatives of the fields [D with vector arrow] and [B with vector arrow]. For the moving points (rotors) involved in electromechanical energy conversion, the surface of integration is driven together with them and [permittivity] and [permeatility] remain substantially constant--(a point in movement maintains its properties as [formula]). Then the balance of energy (and power) can be written at each infinitesimal time interval for the electromagnetic energy in which case the elementary mechanical work is produced by mechanical forces of electromagnetic origin. The thermal energy accounts for the Joule (and hysteresis) losses in the system. A treatment of the flow of electromagnetic energy is given for a complete of illustrative relationship in time and frequency domain. / text
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Otimização metaheurística de linhas de transmissão pela avaliação do vetor de poynting utilizando o método dos elementos de contornoOliveira, Lucas Vitor Fonseca de 30 March 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com a abertura legal do setor elétrico brasileiro na década de 90 para investimentos privados, em especial com a implantação sistemática de leilões para definição dos concessionários de transmissão, diversos estudos foram efetuados com o objetivo de viabilizar projetos de linha de transmissão de modo a concorrem nesses leilões. Grandes transmissoras, como Furnas, Chesf e Eletronorte promoveram pesquisas em consórcio com empresas construtoras de linhas e fabricante de ferragens e isoladores, com o objetivo de desenvolverem projetos com baixa relação Reais/MW transmitido. Neste cenário, muitos projetos de linhas de potência natural elevada foram idealizados e implantados, e como fruto desses projetos, publicações foram realizadas descrevendo os resultados obtidos. Todavia, apesar da quantidade, qualidade e riqueza das informações publicadas, a descrição do processo de otimização dos parâmetros elétricos da linha, em especial da impedância característica, não receberam destaque, sendo muita das vezes suprimida nos artigos. Neste sentido, este trabalho propõe a investigação de um método inovador de otimização da capacidade de transmissão de linhas de potência natural elevada, através da análise indireta dos efeitos da variação do posicionamento dos cabos condutores no feixe sobre a impedância característica da linha, por meio de uma abordagem original que utiliza basicamente o vetor de Poynting como função objetivo do Método de Otimização por Enxame de Partículas, sendo os campos elétricos e magnéticos necessários para definição do vetor de Poynting calculados por meio do Método dos Elementos de Contorno. O método foi validado utilizando como exemplos a otimização das configurações de feixes da linha de 500 kV Interligação Norte/SUL III – Trecho 2 e Linha de 500 kV Presidente Dutra / Teresina / Sobral / Fortaleza. Foram encontrados ganhos na capacidade de transmissão de 7% e 22% respectivamente devido à redução da impedância característica calculada após a otimização através da rotina Line Constants do programa ATP/EMTP, e comparando-a com os valores originais. / With the legal opening for private investments in the Brazilian energy sector in the 90's, in particular the systematic implementation of auctions for defining power transmission concessions, several studies were made with the aim of developing transmission line projects in order to compete in these auctions. Major transmission companies such as Furnas, Eletronorte and CHESF promoted consortium research with line builders and hardware and insulators manufacturers, in order to develop projects with low cost/MW transmitted. In this scenario, many projects of high surge-impedance loading lines were developed and implemented, and as a result of these projects, publications were made describing the results. However, despite the quantity, quality and resourcefulness of published information, the descriptions of the optimization process of electrical line parameters, especially regarding characteristic impedance, were not given prominence, being often suppressed from the articles. Thus, this study proposes the investigation of a method for optimizing the transmission capacity of high surge-impedance loading lines, varying the power cables in the bundle, indirectly reducing its characteristic impedance through an original approach that uses basically the Poynting's vector as objective function of the Particle Swarm Optimization method.The electric and magnetic fields needed for defining the Poynting vector were calculated using the Boundary Element Method. The method was validated through the optimization of bundle configuration, using as a model the characteristics of the 500 kV line North / South Interconnection III - Segment 2 and the 500 kV line Presidente Dutra / Teresina / Sobral / Fortaleza. It was found transmission capacity gains of 7% and 22% respectively, by reducing the characteristic impedance, which was calculated after the optimization using the EMTP/ATP Line Constants Program, comparing it with the original values.
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