No description available.

Industrial metal forming operations generally require several deformation steps in order to create the final product. The mechanical behavior of materials undergoing strain path changes can be very different from those deformed in a given direction to fracture. The work presented here employed laser drilled model materials to better understand the effect of pre-strains and strain path changes on void growth and linkage leading to fracture is studied. The experimental results show that increasing pre-strain results in faster void growth which was justified in terms work hardening rate in the sample. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that the ductility of the sample decreased with increasing pre-strain but only slightly compared to the large decrease in far field strain at failure. This suggests that pre-strain affects strain localization significantly and to a lesser extent the ductility. Finally a finite element model has been built to predict the linkage between voids.

No description available.

Industrial metal forming operations generally require several deformation steps in order to create the final product. The mechanical behavior of materials undergoing strain path changes can be very different from those deformed in a given direction to fracture. The work presented here employed laser drilled model materials to better understand the effect of pre-strains and strain path changes on void growth and linkage leading to fracture is studied. The experimental results show that increasing pre-strain results in faster void growth which was justified in terms work hardening rate in the sample. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that the ductility of the sample decreased with increasing pre-strain but only slightly compared to the large decrease in far field strain at failure. This suggests that pre-strain affects strain localization significantly and to a lesser extent the ductility. Finally a finite element model has been built to predict the linkage between voids.

Industrial metal forming operations generally require several deformation steps in order to create the final product. The mechanical behavior of materials undergoing strain path changes can be very different from those deformed in a given direction to fracture. The work presented here employed laser drilled model materials to better understand the effect of pre-strains and strain path changes on void growth and linkage leading to fracture is studied. The experimental results show that increasing pre-strain results in faster void growth which was justified in terms work hardening rate in the sample. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that the ductility of the sample decreased with increasing pre-strain but only slightly compared to the large decrease in far field strain at failure. This suggests that pre-strain affects strain localization significantly and to a lesser extent the ductility. Finally a finite element model has been built to predict the linkage between voids.

Spinal ligaments may be a significant source of chronic back pain, yet they are often disregarded by the clinical community due to a lack of information with regards to their material response, and innervation characteristics. The purpose of this dissertation was to characterize the material response of spinal ligaments and to review their innervation characteristics. Review of relevant literature revealed that all of the major spinal ligaments are innervated. They cause painful sensations when irritated and provide reflexive control of the deep spinal musculature. As such, including the neurologic implications of iatrogenic ligament damage in the evaluation of surgical procedures aimed at relieving back pain will likely result in more effective long-term solutions. The material response of spinal ligaments has not previously been fully quantified due to limitations associated with standard soft tissue testing techniques. The present work presents and validates a novel testing methodology capable of overcoming these limitations. In particular, the anisotropic, inhomogeneous material constitutive properties of the human supraspinous ligament are quantified and methods for determining the response of the other spinal ligaments are presented. In addition, a method for determining the anisotropic, inhomogeneous pre-strain distribution of the spinal ligaments is presented. The multi-axial pre-strain distributions of the human anterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum and supraspinous ligament were determined using this methodology. Results from this work clearly demonstrate that spinal ligaments are not uniaxial structures, and that finite element models which account for pre-strain and incorporate ligament’s complex material properties may provide increased fidelity to the in vivo condition.

La détermination des propriétés en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles des aciers laminés destinés à l'industrie automobile est un processus coûteux en temps et en quantité de matière : 25 éprouvettes et presque un mois d'essais sont nécessaires à l'obtention d'une courbe de fatigue standard. Dans l'objectif de réduire ces temps de caractérisation, une méthode rapide, basée sur l'auto-échauffement de la matière sous sollicitation cyclique est mise en place sur un très grand nombre de nuances. Les mesures d'auto-échauffement mettent en évidence la présence de deux régimes dissipatifs distincts, un pour les plus faibles amplitudes de chargement cyclique et un pour les plus hautes. Un modèle probabiliste à deux échelles est ensuite développé, dont le but est de prévoir le comportement en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles à partir des mesures d'auto-échauffement. Il est composé d'une matrice au comportement élasto-plastique et d'une population d'inclusions possédant un second comportement élasto-plastique dont le seuil d'activation est aléatoire. Les deux régimes d'auto-échauffement peuvent ainsi être décrits fidèlement. En utilisant l'hypothèse du maillon le plus faible et un critère énergétique, une prévision du comportement en fatigue est réalisée. Trois jours seulement sont alors requis pour obtenir une courbe de fatigue complète. La pertinence de l'approche est validée en comparant avec des courbes de fatigue standards. Puis, des observations par microscopie optique, par microscopie à force atomique et par EBSD sont entreprises sur un acier micro-allié. L'objectif est double : en premier lieu, mieux comprendre les phénomènes qui se produisent sous sollicitation cyclique conduisant à l'obtention des deux régimes d'auto-échauffement ; en second lieu, justifier la pertinence des ingrédients introduits dans la modélisation. Dans une seconde grande partie, il est question de l'influence d'une pré-déformation plastique sur l'évolution des propriétés en fatigue. En effet, les composants automobiles obtenus à partir de tôles en acier laminé subissent diverses opérations de mise en forme, conduisant à déformer plastiquement la matière. Ces modifications de l'état de la matière engendrent des évolutions des propriétés en fatigue qui ne sont cependant pas prises en compte dans le dimensionnement actuel des pièces (non déterminées par la méthode standard car trop coûteux en temps). La rapidité de la méthode développée autorise à caractériser ces évolutions. A partir des modifications des propriétés à l'auto-échauffement après divers modes de pré-déformation plastique (traction, traction plane, cisaillement) et en étudiant diverses directions de sollicitation, il est possible de prévoir l'évolution des propriétés en fatigue associée pour de larges gammes de pré-déformations. La qualité des prévisions est validée en comparant avec des courbes de fatigue standards. / The determination of high cycle fatigue properties of high strength steel sheets for automotive industry is time and specimens consuming : 25 specimens and almost one month are required to obtain a traditional fatigue SN curve. In order to reduce the time dedicated to the fatigue characterization, a fast method, based on the self-heating of steels under cyclic loading is developed and applied to a wide range of grades. Self-heating measurements show the presence of two distinct dissipative regimes, a firstone for the low amplitudes of cyclic loading and a secondary one for the highest. A two scales probabilistic model is then developed in order to establish a dialogue between self-heating measurements and the fatigue properties. It is composed by a matrix having an elasto-plastic behaviorand a population of inclusions having a second elasto-plastic behavior with a random activation threshold. Both self-heating regimes can be perfectly described. By using the weakest link theory and an energetic criterion, a prediction of fatigue properties is made. Only three days are required to obtain acomplete fatigue curve. The pertinence of the approach is validated by a comparison with standard fatigue curves. Then, observations with optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and EBSD are made on a high strength low alloyed steel grade. This study has two objectives: a better understanding of phenomenon occurring during cyclic loading leading to the two self-heating regimes; a justification of the ingredients introduced into the model. In a second important section, it deals with the influence of aplastic pre-strain on the fatigue properties evolution. Indeed, automotive components obtained from high strength steel sheets are subjected to primary forming operations, inducing plastic strain. These modifications lead to fatigue properties evolutions that are nevertheless not taken into account intraditional fatigue design of components (not determined with the standard method because ofprohibitive time). The speed of the proposed approach authorizes to characterize these evolutions. From the modifications of the self-heating properties after different modes of plastic pre-strain (tension, planetension, shearing) and by studying different directions of loading, it is possible to predict the fatigue properties evolutions for a wide range of plastic strain. The quality of the predictions is validated by acomparison with standard fatigue curves.