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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07538.pdf: 15080131 bytes, checksum: 61c8c07c573a7c36c667a13b30f71666 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

There are few recommendations on how best to apply certain modes of mechanical ventilation. The application of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) includes strategic implementation of specific inspiratory times (I-times) and particular mean airway pressures (MAWP) neither of which is standardized. This study utilized a retrospective analysis of archived electronic health record data to evaluate the clinical outcomes of adult patients that had been placed on APRV for at least 8 hours. 68 adult subjects were evaluated as part of a convenient purposive sample. All outcomes of interest (surrogates) for short-term clinical outcomes to include the PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio, Oxygen Index and Oxygen Saturation Index (OI; OSI), and Modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (MSOFA) scores showed improvement after at least 8 hours on APRV. Most notably, there was significant improvement in P/F ratio (p = .012) and OSI (p = .000). Results of regression analysis showed P low as a statistically significant negative predictor of pre-APRV P/F ratio with a higher initial P low coinciding with a lower P/F ratio. The regression analysis also showed MAWP as a significant positive predictor of post-APRV OSI and P high and P low as significant negative predictors of post-APRV MSOFA scores. In summary, it was found that settings for P high, Plow, and T low in addition to overall MAWP and Body Mass Index (BMI) had significant correlation to impact at least one of the short-term clinical outcomes measured.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In this thesis, the ocean was modeled as a waveguide with an ideal pressure - release surface, and an ideal rigid bottom. The ocean waveguide was then treated as a linear, time - invariant, space - variant (TISV) filter or communication channel. The filter is time - invariant because no motion was modeled and because the properties of the ocean were assumed to be constant. The filter is space - variant because of the presence of the two boundaries, that is, the ocean surface and ocean bottom. This thesis investigates the ocean as a linear TISV filter by evaluating 1) the complex frequency response, 2) the impulse response, and 3) the transfer function of the ocean with respect to depth. It is shown that the TISV impulse response of the ocean contains information that can be used to help localize a target in range and whether the target is above or below the receiver. Computer simulation results were obtained by evaluating the three filter functions for several different test cases. / Ensign, United States Navy

Le bruit généré par la détente d'un écoulement sous pression à travers des plaques multi-perforées ou des diaphragmes est étudié expérimentalement. Cette analyse est menée sur deux configurations géométriques distinctes dans lesquelles la plaque perforée est placée à la sortie d'un conduit cylindrique (configuration de jet libre) ou à l'intérieur de celui-ci (configuration de jet confiné).Dans un premier temps, une étude paramétrique acoustique est effectuée pour ces deux configurations en variant les caractéristiques géométriques des plaques perforées et les points de fonctionnement dans des régimes subsoniques et supersoniques. Les différentes sources de rayonnement pouvant apparaitre sur de tels systèmes de détente, sont alors identifiées. Par ailleurs, les effets acoustiques de chacun des paramètres géométriques sont mis en lumière, offrant ainsi une aide à la conception silencieuse de tels systèmes. Dans un second temps, l'intérêt est porté sur l'analyse de la composante à large bande dominante: le bruit de mélange. Cette étude est menée sur la configuration de jet libre et s'appuie sur des visualisations strioscopiques ainsi que sur des mesures de vélocimétrie par image de particules couplées à des acquisitions acoustiques en champ lointain. Dans le cas des diaphragmes, les différents résultats mettent en évidence des mécanismes sources du bruit de mélange similaires à ceux observés dans la littérature pour les jets isolés issus de tuyères. Le rayonnement à l'aval, dominant, est généré par l'interaction de grosses structures turbulentes cohérentes à la fin du cône potentiel du jet, tandis que dans les autres directions, le bruit est généré par la turbulence de petite échelle dans les couches de cisaillement du jet.Pour les plaques multi-perforées, des mécanismes comparables sont également identifiés. Néanmoins, selon la géométrie de ces plaques, deux zones sources distinctes du rayonnement aval sont identifiées favorisant l'apparition de deux bosses dans les spectres en champ lointain. Dans le cas de perforations éloignées, la bosse à plus haute fréquence domine le spectre aval et l'interaction des grosses structures turbulentes se produit au niveau de la fin du cône potentiel des jets. Lorsque les perforations sont en revanche proches, c'est la bosse à basse fréquence qui domine et l'interaction des grosses structures turbulentes cohérentes semble se produire près de la fin du cône potentiel du gros jet équivalent formé à l'aval à partir du mélange de l'ensemble des jets issus des perforations. Dans les autres directions, l'espacement des perforations joue également un rôle important sur le rayonnement acoustique, du fait d'une interaction plus ou moins rapide des jets entre eux. Cela a alors pour effet de modifier les zones de cisaillement et en conséquence le rayonnement acoustique de la même manière que dans la direction aval. / The noise generated by the expansion of a pressurized flow through multi-perforated plates or diaphragms is experimentally investigated. The analysis is conducted on two distinct geometrical configurations in which the perforated plate is placed at the outlet of (free jet configuration) or inside (ducted jet configuration) a cylindrical duct.Firstly, an acoustic parametric study is carried out on these two configurations for various perforated plate geometries and for a number of operating points ranging from subsonic to supersonic. The different acoustic sources that can arise from such systems are thus identified. Furthermore, the effect of each geometrical parameter onto the radiated sound field is highlighted, thus providing guidelines for the silent design of such pressure release devices.In a second step, the focus is on the dominant broadband component, that is, the mixing noise. This part of the study is dedicated to the free jet configuration and is based on Schlieren imaging, as well as on Particle Image Velocimetry measurements, both coupled far-field sound measurements.In the diaphragm cases, the aerodynamic results show that the source mechanisms are similar to those reported in the literature about isolated jets from conventional nozzles. The downstream radiation is generated by the interaction of large coherent structures at the end of the jet potential core, while in the other directions it is generated by the small-scale turbulence from the shear layer.For multi-perforated plates, comparable mechanisms are also observed. However, depending on the plate geometry, two distinct source regions contributing to the downstream radiation are identified. They explain the presence of two broadband humps in the far-field spectra. In the case of widely spaced perforations, the higher frequency hump in the downstream spectrum increases and the interaction of the large turbulent structures occurs mainly at the end of the potential core of the small jets issuing the perforations. Conversely, when these perforations are close to each other, the small jets rapidly merge into a single larger one that has a longer potential core. As a result, larger coherent structures interact downstream of the small jet mixing region and therefore, a low-frequency hump dominates the downstream spectrum. In the other directions, the perforation spacing has also a significant impact on the acoustic radiation, due to a more or less rapid interaction of the jets. Consequently, the turbulence, as well as the shear zones of the various mixing layers, are modified. The geometric parameters thus have similar effects on the cross-stream as on the downstream radiation.