Background: Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is common in developed countries and is associated with an increased risk of maternal and offspring morbidity. Evidence regarding efficacy and safety of antenatal lifestyle intervention is limited in terms of both systematic reviews and original trials. This thesis is based on the need to further explore this research area. Objectives: To assess and grade current evidence and evaluate short and long-term effects of an antenatal lifestyle intervention on women and their offspring Materials: Controlled trials of intervention publishedbefore August 2009 were systematically searched and reviewed. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) including 445 healthy women aged >18 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥19 and ≤16 weeks pregnant and their offspring was performed during 2007-2015 in Örebro Region, Sweden. Methods: The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used for review. Our RCT (called the VIGA trial) compared standard care with a composite intervention consisting of education, application of a personalized weight graph, prescription of exercise and more frequent monitoring of weight. Standardized measures of weight and height in offspring waere analysed based on World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards. Results: Quality of evidence across the studies published pre-August 2009 was concluded to be very low. Our intervention significantly reduced mean GWG (kg) but the proportion of women with excessive GWG, according to recommendations, was not significantly reduced. Short- term postpartum weight retention (PPWR) was significantly lower after the intervention but no significant difference remained 1 year after delivery. Offspring mean BMI z-scores or proportion of obesity did not differ between study groups at either birth or age 5. Conclusions: The antenatal lifestyle intervention reduced mean GWG and short-term PPWR but no long-term effects on maternal weight retention or offspring obesity were seen. Alternative modes and timing of intervention should be considered in future research. Reducing the prevalence of pre-conception obesity must still be considered the primary means to improve maternal and fetal outcome.

Title: Obesity monitoring in middle aged men in Hradec Kralove Targets: The targets of thesis is to determine prevalence of the obesity in men at age 30 - 50 years in Hradec Kralove. The necessary data for this empirical research will be obtained on the basis of the questionnaires distributed among 30 active athletes and 30 pacients of prof. Martinik's diabetology office, who suffer from obesity and undergo treatment in his office. Subsequently, I will perform a deep analysis of all the data obtained from the questionnaries, in order to identify hazard factors for obesity, stress management, physical aktivity, fixed daily routine and life management or the prevalence of the genetic load in the group of surveyed athletes and surveyed obese patients of prof. Martiník's diabetology office. These data will be then compared in order to identifily the main differences between active athletes and obese patients. Methods: The empirical research was conducted at 30 randomly selected active athletes (at age 30 - 50 years), who live in Hradec Kralove and at 30 random patients (also at age 30 - 50 years) of prof. Martiník, who also live in Hradec Kralove and undergo medical treatment on the basis of the questionnaire, which I created myself and filled personally with the patients and athletes in order to...