After witnessing the success of Canadian strategies to attract U.S. film production in the 1990s, states and localities began offering financial incentives in an effort to lure film and video production away from their traditional hubs in California and New York (Christopherson & Rightor, 2010). This effort increased dramatically in the 2000s, both in scope and in scale. Production activity can now locate in states offering rebates of up to 40 percent of costs, even if this exceeds their actual tax bills, and all but a handful of states offer some form of tax incentives (Christopherson & Rightor, 2010; Katz & Rosenthal, 2006; National Conference of State Legislatures, 2011; Vock, 2008). While some states may be reducing incentive packages in the current climate of fiscal austerity, others are doubling down on that strategy as an effort to stimulate job growth and increased economic activity. And while most states tout many successes from these programs in both metrics, the question of whether such policies promote long-term sustainable economic development has not been fully answered. First I use theoretical literature to construct a model of sustainable industrial development. I will then test this model using a variety of methods and data sets at the national, and state and county levels. In the following two analytical chapters, I will evaluate the impacts of incentives on state-level employment and firm growth, followed by an assessment of the economic effects of incentives in one such state: Georgia. By using this variety of approaches and units of analysis, I hope to shed light on both the macro- and micro-level impacts such incentives have on the industrial economic development of states. In the first study, I use data from the County Business Patterns (CBP) over the years 2002-2013 to view changes in economic activity by state by the level of incentives offered. Using panel data for industry employment, establishment and occupational employment, I use a fixed and random effects regression models to view the relationship between the presence of incentives and the levels of employment and firms in the film industry of each state. Next, I use Georgia as a case study with which to evaluate the degree to which financial incentives for the motion picture industry can create a sustainable network of local firms and workers. I test these theories by using confidential QCEW data to analyze establishment-level activity and relative locations. The results neither completely confirm nor disprove the hypothesis that attracting mobile productions with state tax incentives can establish a nascent industry and generate long-term employment in a region. However, there is some evidence that the number of years the MPIs are in effect does have a positive impact, especially on establishments and occupations. Additionally, the states’ climate and transportation access relative to Los Angeles and other locations are important factors in building a local industry.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The dairy business, for many years, was only conducted for subsistence in the Brazilian rural properties, but with the beginning of industrialization in the country, in the 1950s, it has become a source of income. From this period onwards, emerged cooperatives that acted as in natura milk processor and agent in the commercialization. With trade liberalization occurred in 1990 and the arrival of multinational companies in the industry, the dairy industry in Brazil has experienced changes, demanding increased production to keep up with demand from companies for in natura milk for the production of derivatives. With this situation Brazil began to import as much in natura milk as dairy products to meet the internal demand, background that has consolidated Brazil as a net importer. This is associated with it the fact that production has increased over the period of 1998 to 2014 in lower rate than the consumption. Currently, the policies of incentives to milk production in Brazil it occurs through granting of credit for investments in the activity and differentiated interest rates, as well as specialized technical assistance from government agencies, which has proved to be insufficient to support the expansion of production and domestic demand. Moreover, weigh against the high Brazilian tax burden, as well as the foreign competition. Therefore, to lessen dependence on foreign markets, it is necessary to increase domestic production. Given this discussion, the study aimed to assess the impact of incentive policies for the production milk and dairy products in the Brazilian regions from the simulation of two policies: the first consisted of increases of 10 and 20% in subsidies for the production of milk and dairy products (1A and 1B scenarios), and second, a reduction of 10 to 20% in taxes on the use of primary factors in the production milk and dairy products (scenarios 2A and 2B). To get the results was used the o General Equilibrium Analysis Project of the Brazilian Economy (PAEG). The results indicated that the Brazilian regions with higher milk production respectively southeast, south and Midwest would be the most benefited, as well as displace the production factors such as capital and labor, from the North and Northeast regions, whose dairy sector would present losses. These results were shown in greater magnitude when simulated the policy of expansion of subsidies compared to the tax relief policy. From this, the implementation of differentiated regional and sectoral policies is the alternative indicated. Otherwise, the production is concentrated in the most efficient regions, and also the transport and logistics costs, as well as prices widened amplifying the productive differences and the external dependence of the sector. / A atividade leiteira, por muitos anos, foi realizada apenas para subsistência nas propriedades rurais brasileiras, passando a ser praticada como uma fonte de renda juntamente com o início da industrialização no país, na década de 1950. A partir deste período, surgiram cooperativas que atuavam como beneficiadoras do leite in natura e agentes na comercialização. Com a abertura comercial ocorrida em 1990 e a entrada de empresas multinacionais no setor, o setor de produtos lácteos no Brasil passou por mudanças, exigindo maior produção para acompanhar a demanda das empresas por leite in natura para a produção dos derivados. Com essa situação, o Brasil passou a importar tanto leite in natura quanto derivados lácteos para suprir a demanda interna, contexto que tem consolidado o Brasil como um importador líquido. Associa-se a isso o fato de a produção ter aumentado ao longo do período de 1998 a 2014 em ritmo inferior ao consumo. Atualmente, as políticas de estímulos à produção de leite no Brasil ocorrem por meio da concessão de crédito para investimentos na atividade e juros diferenciados e também na forma de assessoria técnica especializada de órgãos governamentais, as quais têm se mostrado insuficientes para sustentar a expansão da produção e a demanda doméstica. Além do mais, pesam contra a atividade a elevada carga tributária brasileira, bem como a concorrência externa. Logo, para diminuir a dependência do mercado externo, faz-se necessário aumentar a produção doméstica. Dada esta discussão, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos de políticas de incentivo à produção de leite e derivados nas regiões brasileiras a partir da simulação de duas políticas: a primeira consistiu em aumentos de 10 e 20% na concessão de subsídios à produção de leite e derivados (cenários 1A e 1B), e a segunda, de redução de 10 e 20% nos impostos ao uso de fatores primários na produção de leite e derivados (cenários 2A e 2B). Para obter os resultados, foi utilizado o Programa de Equilíbrio Geral da Economia Brasileira (PAEG). Os resultados indicaram que as regiões brasileiras com maior produção de leite, respectivamente Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, seriam as mais beneficiadas, além de deslocar fatores produtivos, caso do capital e do trabalho, das regiões Norte e Nordeste, cujo setor lácteo apresentaria perdas. Estes resultados foram evidenciados em maior magnitude quando simulada a política de ampliação da concessão de subsídios comparativamente à política de desoneração fiscal. A partir disso, a implementação de políticas regionais e setoriais diferenciadas consiste em alternativa indicada. Do contrário, a produção concentrar-se-ia nas regiões mais eficientes, com o que os custos de transporte e logística, como também os preços ampliariam-se, aumentando as diferenças produtivas e a dependência externa do setor.

This doctoral thesis explores HR management through systems of production incentives in the construction sector which has been instrumental to the Spanish economy. The transformation of a time-based payment system to a performance or production-based payment system is difficult if you consider the complexity of the calculation and the environment in which prices are negotiated. In any case, before agreeing to a piece-rate determined price it is imperative that the person responsible for negotiating on behalf of the company knows the relationship of this piece rate compared to expected labour costs as an objective in the opening plans. The main objective of this thesis is to propose an algorithm in flowchart form that facilitates —from the data found in the costs study— knowledge about the price range within which the economic incentive for piece-rate compensation for any work should be established by applying a few simple conversion coefficients proposed by the model itself / Aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en la gestió dels recursos humans a través dels sistemes d'incentius a la producció. La transformació d'un sistema de pagament per temps a un sistema de pagament per rendiment o per producció no és senzill si es té en compte la complexitat del càlcul i l'entorn en el qual es pacten els preus. És imprescindible que abans d'acordar un determinat preu fet, el responsable de la negociació, conegui la relació d'aquest preu respecte els costos de mà d'obra que té previstos com a objectiu en el pressupost de producció. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és proposar un algoritme que faciliti —a partir de les dades contingudes en l'estudi de costos—, conèixer l'interval de preus dins del qual s'hauria d'establir l'incentiu econòmic de remuneració a preu fet d'un treball qualsevol, mitjançant l'aplicació d'uns simples coeficients de conversió que proposa el propi model