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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Modeling of a centrifugal separator for dispersed gas-liquid flows

Monsen, Gisle Otto Tviberg January 2012 (has links)
Natural gas is a vital component of the worlds’ supply of energy. In Norway all the gas can be found offshore where it needs to processed before transport. A vital part of the processing is gas and liquid separation. Current gas-liquid separators are big and expensive, and the offshore industry is looking for more compact separators. One of the more prominent technologies is the NNNGLseparator developed at NTNU. To further identify its possibilities, a thorough research program has been startedIn this thesis one-dimensional models describing pressure drop and separation performance of the NTNU Natural Gas Liquid Separator (NNGLseparator) for dispersed gas-liquid flows has been studied. Here modeling of separation performance was divided into cyclonic separation and droplet capture by the meshpad, and then combined in sequence. The droplet capture is assumed to occur before cyclonic separation.To analyze the impact of centrifugal force on droplet capture, the force was included in a previous proposed model describing droplet capture by a single fiber in the meshpad. With this as basis, modeling of total droplet capture for the meshpad was analyzed. Through this analysis we proposed an extension on the existing model for the case of the flow not following the rotation of the meshpad. The droplets that are not captured are then separated through cyclonic separation. To model this separation mechanism, a modified time of flight model was developed. The modification includes the mesh porosity, and a - factor describing the droplet’s reduced radial velocity due to the obstructing meshpad.Existing models for pressure drop across fixed porous media were compared to experimental data to identify which model best applies to the meshpad used in the NNGLseparator. How this model performs in describing a rotating porous media was then analyzed for the two scenarios; fully developed flow before mesh entry and developing flow inside a rotating meshpad. Through this analysis an extension to the pressure drop model was proposed, which includes the tangential velocity difference between rotating mesh and gas flow. A previous proposed model for pressure drop across wet mesh pad was reviewed. This led to a discussion on how liquid hold up differs in the NNGLseparator from conventional fixed meshpads. The proposed one-dimensional models were then analyzed through a parametric study of the separator performance in terms of pressure drop and efficiency of droplet separation for different flow conditions and geometries.
142

Analysis of the Turbulent Energy Dissipation

Førde, Olav Øyvind January 2012 (has links)
An investigation of the turbulent fluctuating kinetic energy dissipation in low Reynolds number channel flow is made, both analytically and numerically with means of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved at a Reynolds number of 360, based on the shear velocity and channel height, for four grid resolutions 48^3, 88^3, 128^3 and 192^3. The results are compared with data from Kim et al. (1987) [9], and good agreement is found for the 192^3 grid resolution.The viscous term in the kinetic energy equation is derived and described, from there the “isotropic” dissipation equation is shown to be the homogeneous dissipation equation which is compared with the thermodynamically correct dissipation. The results are in agreement with the findings of Bradshaw and Perot (1993) [2], with a difference of maximum ≈2.5% from the correct dissipation.The isotropic dissipation, often used as approximation in experiments, is also calculated and compared with the homogeneous dissipation. The results are un- surprisingly poor, and are only in agreement about the centerline. A comparison with an equation from the k-ε-model is also made, most as a curiosity, and also shows poor agreement.The Kolmogorov length scale is calculated from the dissipation, and it shows clear grid dependency even though the grid is smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale in the z-direction with max(∆z+/η+) = 0.8. The dissipation of the Reynolds stress components are used to create Kolmogorov length scales in x, y and z-direction. They are also grid dependent, even though max(∆z+/η+ ) ≈ 0.7. A length scale tensor analogous to the Kolmogorov length scale is proposed. It is based on the connection between the Reynolds stress equation and the turbulent fluctuating kinetic energy equation. It relaxes the grid restrictions compared to the Kolmogorov length scale, but investigation of its validity requires simulations with a super computer and is therefore not performed.
143

PREVENTIVE TILTAK FOR Å UNNGÅ REKRYSTALLISASJON VED EKSTRUDERING AV ALUMINIUM / Preventive measures to avoid recrystallization in aluminum extrusion

Berg, Anders Veungen January 2012 (has links)
Denne masteroppgaven bygger videre på samme problemstilling som i fordypningsprosjektet (TMM 4501)”Analyse av Al-ekstrudering for å forhindre rekrystallisasjon”,høsten 2011.Oppgaven er gjennomført i samarbeid med Benteler Aluminum Systems Norway AS på Raufoss. Problemstillingen handler om uønsket grovrekrystallisering i aksesymmetrisk Al-ekstrudering ved senere prosessering. Det er gjennomgått teori som tar for seg opphavet til forskjellige rekrystalliseringsfenomerer under varmdeformasjon av Al-legeringer. Teorien tar for seg fysiske og empiriske rekrystallisasjonsmodeller. Fysiske modeller er baset på kornvekst, dannelser av subkorn og korngrenseorienteringer. Empiriske modeller inkluderer parametere som temperaturer, tøyninger, tøyningshastigheter og ulike konstanter. I tillegg belyser teorien ulike ekstruderingsforsøk og datasimuleringer av ulike varmformingsprosesser. Litteraturen har opphav fra ulike forskningsmiljøer. Fra besøk hos Bentlers industrilokaler på Raufoss ble det tatt med ekstruderte Al-prøver av aksesymmetrisk stangprofil tilbake til NTNU. På Verkstedtekniske laboratorier ble det kappet tre diskprøver fra den samme aluminiumen. Deretter ble diskene slipt, varmebehandlet og etset for å spore opp grovrekrystallisering i det ytre sjiktet av profilen.En simuleringsmodell fra fordypningsprosjektet har i denne oppgaven blitt forandret og tilpasset Bentelers største ekstruderingspresse P40. To stangprofiler med 80 og 43 mm i diameter ble simulert i Deform 2D.I Deform 3D ble det forsøkt simulert en kompleks modell av to paralelle hulprofiler som brukes i bilkonstruksjoner. Fra simuleringsmodellene er det vist bilder med tilhørende forklaringer.Resultater fra undersøkelsen av teori, skiveprøver og simuleringer er oppsummert og diskutert i eget kappittel.Rapporten er skrevet i Microsoft Word og datasimuleringer er gjennomført i Deform 2D og Deform 3D (versjon 10.2 og 11.0).
144

Energieffektiv hydrogenlagring : eksergianalyse av adsorpsjon / Energy efficient hydrogen storage : exergy analysis of adsorption

Berntsen, Trond Einar Egeberg January 2012 (has links)
Hydrogenlagring er en nøkkelteknologi for etablering av en hydrogenøkonomi. Adsorpsjon er en av hydrogenlagringsteknologiene som for tiden utforskes sammen med hydrogen lagret som komprimert gass, væske, og i metallhydrider. Omfanget av denne oppgaven har vært eksergianalyse og utvikling av eksergilikninger for hydrogenlagring ved adsorpsjon ved kryogen temperatur. Eksergianalyse utført på kryo-adsorpsjonssystem er i hovedsak basert på det eksperimentelle oppsettet til Aleksic (2010) utført på NTNU.Fundamental informasjon om adsorpsjonssystemene er representert av adsorpsjonsisotermer. Disse viser lagringskapasitet til et adsorbent ved konstant temperatur som funksjon av trykk. I dette arbeidet er adsorpsjonsisotermer modellert med Langmuir og Sips likning med tilhørende parametere tilpasset etter eksperimentell data gitt av Aleksic (2010) og Paggiaro (2008) for adsorpsjonslikevekt ved utvalgte temperaturer og trykk. Modellene med Sips likning viser god overenstemmelse med eksperimentell data, og med prinsippene fra løsningstermodynamikk har adsorpsjonssystemet blitt beskrevet termodynamisk, med massebalanser, energibalanser og eksergibalanser. Oppgaven kan deles opp i tre deler. I den første delen er det introdusert relevant informasjon om utvalgte hydrogenlagringsteknologier og termodynamikk tilhørende adsorpsjon, inkludert adsorpsjonsisotermer for relevante adsorbenter. I den neste delen er det utledet termodynamiske likninger for masse-, energi- og eksergibalanser for kryo-adsorpsjonslagringssystem og kryo-kompresjonslagringssystem. Oppgaven avsluttes med et kapittel som inneholder fire eksergianalyser. I den første analysen studeres ekserginivå i adsorpsjonssystem mot utvalgte teknologier, og i den neste analysen studeres eksergibidrag i oppsettet til Aleksic (2010) i forhold til et kryo-kompresjonssystem ved tilsvarende trykk og temperatur. Den tredje analysen er utført av oppsettet til Aleksic (2010) ved fylling og tapping, og sammenlignet med kryo-kompresjonslagringssystem operert ved tilsvarende tilstander. Kapittelet avsluttes med analyse av lagring av hydrogen i kryo-adsorpsjonsbeholder, analysert med utgangspunkt i temperatur-, trykk- og masse-utvikling ved lagring hentet fra arbeidet til Paggiaro (2008). Analysen er beriket med sammenligning av andre lagringsmetoder ved samme operasjonsforhold: en lavtrykkstank med flytende hydrogen og en høytrykkstank fylt med enten flytende hydrogen eller komprimert hydrogengass ved 80 K.Teknologien for adsorpsjonslagring av hydrogen er på et eksperimentelt stadium, og har vist seg gjennomførbar. Teknologien har fordel av operasjon ved lavt trykk (typisk 20-30 bar) i forhold til kompresjonssystemer (300 – 700 bar), og oppnår likevel sammenlignbar volumetrisk og gravimetrisk lagringskapasitet. Teknologien er likevel langt fra å oppnå hydrogenlagringskravene fra U.S DoE for 2015. Dette er også tilfellet for de andre hydrogenlagringsmetodene som er under utvikling: komprimert gass, hydrogen som væske og hydrogen lagret i metallhydrider. Enkle forbedringer i disse teknologiene ser ikke ut til å føre til at kravene nåes. Adsorpsjonssystemet har i tillegg andre karakteristikker som kan hindre kommersialisering av teknologien (Paggiaro 2008), og som vil bli diskutert i oppgaven. Eksergianalyseresultatene viste at i adsorpsjonslagringsystemer består den totale eksergimengde i hovedsak av kjemiske eksergi og omtrent 7–10 % termomekanisk eksergi. Den termomekaniske eksergien kan delvis utvinnes ved installasjon av turbin for utnyttelse av trykket i beholderen. Resterende termomekanisk eksergi kan teoretisk utvinnes ved en varmekraftmaskin som benytter beholderen som kuldereservoar og omgivelsene som varmereservoar. Ved implementering av slike systemer er det av viktighet å minimere økningen av systemets kompleksitet som helhet, som kan vise seg vanskelig. Derfor mener forfatteren at det er ønskelig å minimere termomekanisk eksergi i lagringssystemet og maksimere den kjemiske eksergien. Kjemisk eksergi er direkte avhengig av mengde hydrogengass lagret i systemet, og derfor er teknologiens lagringskapasitet viktigste parameter for å maksimere det kjemiske eksergiinnholdet. Lagringskapasitet i adsorpsjonssystem viste seg å være sterkt temperaturavhengig. Ved en temperaturøkning på 20 grader (fra 77-97 K) faller lagringsevnen i oppsettet til Aleksic med adsorbent Cu-BTC og NORIT R0.8 med omtrent 21 % ved 2 MPa. Det ble utført eksergianalyser av fylle- og tappeprosesser med utgangspunkt i eksperimentell data fra oppsettet til Aleksic (2010) med adsorbent NORIT R0.8. Ved fylling viser utregningene et tap i lagringskapasitet på 15,1 % grunnet generasjon av varme i prosessen. Ved endt tappeprosess er 59,0 % av den opprinnelige hydrogenmengden igjen i lagringstanken, grunnet mangel på intern varmekilde. Forslag til forbedringer er foreslått i oppgavens avsluttende kapittel.Eksergianalyse er utført av hydrogenlagring i kryo-adsorpsjonssystem over tid og sammenlignet med lagring i utvalgte alternative lagringsbeholdere. Resultatene viser at varmelekkasje inn i tankene som er undersøkt fører til trykkøkning i samtlige tanker og ventilering av hydrogengass. Adsorpsjonsbeholderen viste tilsvarende, og noe høyere ventileringsrate av hydrogen enn høytrykksbeholderen med komprimert hydrogen. Beholderen som viste best lagringsevne var høytrykksbeholderen fylt med flytende hydrogen.
145

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

Vethe, Stine January 2012 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to explore the posibilities and challenges with simulating fatigue crack growth (FCG) by the extended finite element method (XFEM). Another aim was to develope a procedure for XFEM FCG simulations in Abaqus by means of scripting. Finally was the procedure used to simulate FCG in an API standard, cone shaped threaded connection. Different FCG models were reviewed by a limited litterature search and a procedure 2D FCG simulations was carried out by a python script. The procedure succeeded with the simulation of FCG when applied to a model with refined mesh around the crack tip. In the suggested partial tasks of the thesis description were a procedure 3D FCG simulation also suggested, but as this required more computer capacity than available in the study this was not carried out.
146

Numerical Analysis of Primary Stability on Cementless Hip Prostheses

Olufsen, Sindre Nordmark January 2012 (has links)
Since the first Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) performed in the 60's, it has been regarded among the most successful surgical procedures. When an un-cemented hip prosthesis is employed, the prosthesis is impacted into a prepared cavity in the femur. This surgical technique is known as impact bone grafting and is commonly used in THA. The stability of the prosthesis immediately after surgery is denoted primary stability.Numerical analyses of primary stability, often assume the forces applied during impact grafting to be lower than those present during routine activity. The magnitude of the forces applied during impact grafting is regarded a point of uncertainty, questioning this assumption. As the forces applied during impact grafting are equalized by frictional and contact forces, frictional characteristics present between prosthesis and femur could influence the primary stability of the prosthesis. The influence of grafting force magnitude and frictional characteristics on primary stability is investigated in this thesis. A study of scientific publications on primary stability was performed, forming the basis for the further analyses. External loads, mechanical properties and recommended practice with regard to numerical analysis of THA, were based on findings from this literature study.The performed analyses are purely numerical, using state of the art finite element software. The numerical model's response is verified, but as no experimental results are available on the particular geometry, validation is difficult. Two parametric studies were performed, investigating the influence of the impaction force magnitude and friction characteristics on micro motion.The friction coefficient was found to influence the primary stability of the prosthesis. An intermediate friction coefficient yielded the highest stability, with the same loads applied in all cases. Based on this finding, the influence of prosthesis-bone interface lubrication was investigated. A preliminary reduced friction coefficient during impact grafting yielded an enhanced primary stability, motivating further investigation of the concept. The magnitude of the impaction force was found to influence the primary stability of the prosthesis. An increased force magnitude above 240% of the patient bodyweight yielded an enhanced primary stability. This finding motivates a further investigation of the force magnitudes present during surgery.In order to extend the numerical model to include non-linear friction characteristics, a subroutine is proposed. The friction model's behavior is verified in this thesis, but further implementation is required.
147

Development and construction of car for eco-marathon for participation in competition : Verification,Validation and Testing activities for the DNV Fuel Fighter 2

Yuguero Garmendia, Itxaso January 2012 (has links)
The goal of this Thesis is to verify a winning solution for the DNV Fuel Fighter 2, the verification of the design and development will be achieved by a series of verification, validation and testing activities.The Literature review of the report represents the VVT activities during the entire life cycle. The Theory and Methods used in the Thesis are based on A. Engel’s “Verification, Validation and Testing activities of Engineered Systems”. The author has customized those VVT activities so they fit the time and resource constrains of the case of study.The case is the NTNU’s fifth entrance to the Shell Eco Marathon competition, The DNV Fuel Fighter 2. The actual repot is a reflection of the first time in SEM’s project where an entire Thesis reflects the VVT activities in order to qualify the vehicle.This Master Thesis follows the work that was done in the specialization project 2011 fall in the NTNU. The fall report was focused on the trade-off and requirement analysis and in the definition a high level architecture that could be use in the project. The project work was used as a foundation for the work that was done afterwards in this Master Thesis. The work done during the year is based on the systems engineering effort made from the previous year. The author along with the other system engineer of the project has upgraded the SE effort.The main contribution of the Thesis has been the development of the VVT activities and to prove that they are useful for projects with time and resource constrains. The suggested future work consists of continuing with the use of the VVT strategy performed this year and to upgrade it until the Acceptance stage; where the final user will be the responsible of performing the tests.
148

Adaption of a two phase solver for axisymmetric problems

Liestøl, Lars January 2012 (has links)
This report documents the adaptation of a two dimensional two phaseNavier-Stokes solver to axisymmetric problems. The changes fromCartesian to cylindrical coordinates are thoroughly described with finitedifference methods for the heat equation, Poisson equation, singleand two phase Navier-Stokes equations.The jump conditions at interfacesare modified to accommodate these changes for the two phaseNavier-Stokes equations.The changes to the solver are done step by step, and every changeis verified through intermediate test cases with analytical solutions tolimit the possible sources of errors.Finally all stepwise changes are joined together to form an axisymmetrictwo phase Navier-Stokes solver. Results are presented for aresting bubble, and for both viscous and inviscid oscillating ellipticbubbles.
149

Validation of material model for polypropylene (PP)

Sælen, Kristin January 2012 (has links)
A hyperelastic-viscoplastic material model intended for thermoplastics has been developed by SIMLab at NTNU. This model formed the basis of the thesis, where a material model for the polymer polypropylene was calibrated and validated. Four rounds of material testing were carried out. Tension and compression tests formed the basis for a calibration of the material model. Two different component tests were used for validation; stretching of a plate with a hole and plate impact tests.The calibrated model was implemented as a user-defined material model in the non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA, and numerical simulations of the tension and compression tests were carried out in order to verify the calibrated parameters. The component tests were numerically simulated with the purpose of controlling the ability of the model to predict the behaviour of the material when subjected to more complex loading cases.The calibrated material model was able to capture the main characteristics of the experimental tests. The model does, however, have limitations, as it was not able to correctly predict all strain rate effects of the material at high strain rates, like viscoelasticity. A partly recalibration of the material model was carried out to enable the model to predict the material’s behaviour at high strain rates.
150

Validering av materialmodell for polypropylen (HDPE) / Validation of material model for polypropylen (HDPE)

Hegni, Tonje January 2012 (has links)
Denne rapporten tar for seg validering av en hyperelastisk – viscoplastisk material modell som tidligere har blitt implementert i elementmetode koden LS – Dyna. Materialet som er evaluert er polyetylen (HDPE) som er levert av det tyske firmaet SIMONA. Material parameterne som er satt inn i den konstitutive material modellen er funnet fra eksperimentell testing og kalibrering.Modellen er validert ved å sammenligne resultater av to veldefinerte eksperimentelle tester ved numeriske forutsigelser. Det har blitt utført tester på plate med hull. Platene har en mer kompleks geometri grunnet hullet i platen, og vil derfor gi mer komplekse spenning og tøynings tilstander. I tillegg har platene veldefinerte randbetingelser. Disse har en mer komplisert sammensetning av trykk og strekk og vil derfor være mer realistiske, da en virkelig komponent brukt i industrien vil bli utsatt for både trykk og strekk samt påført last av ulike hastigheter. De eksperimentelle og simulerte testene er sammenlignet og evaluert i valideringskapittelet. Modellen fanger opp de viktigste egenskapene observert i testene.

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