Endometriosis is a common cause of subfertility and pelvic pain, affecting up to 10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterised by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. The development of the disease is still poorly understood and, currently, the diagnosis relies on visualisation of typical lesions during surgery. There is great interest in identifying biomarkers to assist in diagnosis and disease management. Blood vessel development is known to be a crucial feature of endometriosis, but the mechanisms involved in angiogenesis are not well described for this disease. Most vessel development relies on the proliferation and migration of pre-existing endothelial cells. However, there may also be roles for cells derived from peripheral blood (circulating angiogenic cells) and surrounding stromal cells. In this thesis, the contribution of these different cell types to vessel development in endometriosis is assessed. In chapter 2, a robust protocol was optimised to identify circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) with flow cytometry. The reliability of the protocol was verified, and the level of these cells was found not to fluctuate with the menstrual cycle in healthy women (P=0.279, F=1.359, 3 d.f.). In chapter 3, levels of CACs in women with and without endometriosis were found to be equivalent (0.0835% ± 0.0422 compared to 0.0724% ± 0.0414), demonstrating that they have no use as a disease biomarker. In chapter 4, isolation and culture of endothelial cells from the endometrium was attempted. However, a pure culture of endometrial endothelial cells could not be obtained, which may be due to contamination by other cell types or cellular transdifferentiation. Finally, in chapter 5, the contribution of endometrial stromal cells to vessel development was considered. Stromal cells were found not to differentiate towards an endothelial cell phenotype, but were able to participate in tube formation assays. However, the presence of endometriosis did not influence this behaviour.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop original symmetric presentations of finite non-abelian simple groups, particularly the sporadic simple groups. We have found original symmetric presentations for the Janko group J1, the Mathieu group M12, the Symplectic groups S(3,4) and S(4,5), a Lie type group Suz(8), and the automorphism group of the Unitary group U(3,5) as homomorphic images of the progenitors 2*60 : (2 x A5), 2*60 : A5, 2*56 : (23 : 7), and 2*28 : (PGL(2,7):2), respectively. We have also discovered the groups 24 : A5, 34 : S5, PSL(2,31), PSL(2,11), PSL(2,19), PSL(2,41), A8, 34 : S5, A52, 2• A52, 2 : A62, PSL(2,49), 28 : A5, PGL(2,19), PSL(2,71), 24 : A5, 24 : A6, PSL(2,7), 3 x PSL(3,4), 2• PSL(3,4), PSL(3,4), 2• (M12 : 2), 37:S7, 35 : S5, S6, 25 : S6, 35 : S6, 25 : S5, 24 : S6, and M12 as homomorphic images of the permutation progenitors 2*60 : (2 x A5), 2*60 : A5, 2*21 : (7: 3), 2*60 : (2 x A5), 2*120 : S5, and 2*144 : (32 : 24). We have given original proof of the 2*n Symmetric Presentation Theorem. In addition, we have also provided original proof for the Extension of the Factoring Lemma (involutory and non-involutory progenitors). We have constructed S5, PSL(2,7), and U(3,5):2 using the technique of double coset enumeration and by way of linear fractional mappings. Furthermore, we have given proofs of isomorphism types for 7 x 22, U(3,5):2, 2•(M12 : 2), and (4 x 2) :• 22.

Whole document restricted, see Access Instructions file below for details of how to access the print copy. / Huntington’s disease [HD] is a debilitating adult onset inherited neurodegenerative disorder with primary degeneration in the striatum and widespread secondary degeneration throughout the brain. There are currently no clinical treatments to prevent onset, delay progression or replace lost neurons. Striatal cell transplantation strategies under clinical evaluation appear viable and effective for the treatment of HD. However, the future of regenerative medicine lies in developing renewable, expandable multipotent neural cell sources for transplantation. This Thesis has investigated a range of novel developments for enhancing the therapeutic potential of neural progenitor cell transplantation in a quinolinic acid [QA] lesion rat model of HD using two cell sources, adult neural progenitor cells and human embryonic stem cell [hESC] derived neural progenitor cells. Chapter Three identified a novel method for in vitro lithium priming of adult neural progenitor cells which enhances their neurogenic potential at the expense of glial formation. Chapter Four demonstrated that lithium priming of adult neural progenitor cells altered their phenotypic fate in vivo after transplantation, enhancing regional specific differentiation and efferent projection formation. The therapeutic potential of this strategy was demonstrated by accelerated acquisition of motor function benefits in the QA model. Chapter Five then demonstrated the ability for post transplantation environmental enrichment to modify therapeutic functional outcomes in the QA lesion model, and through lithium priming and enrichment demonstrated that adult neural progenitors are amenable to combinatorial interventions which can alter their phenotypic fate and enhance anatomical integration. Chapter Six investigated the in vivo effects of in vitro noggin priming of hESC derived neural progenitor cells and identified enhanced safety and neuronal differentiation in the QA lesioned striatum after noggin priming. Furthermore Chapter Seven provided evidence for functional reconstruction and therapeutic functional benefits from transplantation of noggin primed hESC derived neural progenitor cells and also highlighted the need for systematic evaluations of hESC derived transplants to optimise their safety in vivo. These results are beneficial in demonstrating the realistic therapeutic potential held by these two cell sources. They demonstrate how transient interventions can enhance therapeutic outcomes of neural progenitor cell transplantation for HD and have developed the understanding of neural progenitor cell transplantation as a therapeutic tool, bringing transplantation from different cell sources closer to eventual translation for HD sufferers.

CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) possess the capacity to modulate both adaptive and innate immunity. Due to their suppressive nature, Treg cells have been studied and tested in a variety of scenarios in an attempt to ameliorate undesired immune responses. While graft versus host disease (GVHD) has in fact emerged as the first clinical application for human Treg cells (Riley et al. 2009), equally important are issues concerning hematopoietic engraftment and immune reconstitution. Currently, little is known about the effect(s) that regulatory T cells may exert outside the immune system in this context. Based on cytokine effector molecules they can produce we hypothesized that Treg cells could regulate hematopoietic phenomena. The studies portrayed in this dissertation demonstrate that Treg cells can differentially affect the colony forming activity of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells. In-vitro as well as in-vivo findings demonstrate the ability of Tregs to inhibit and augment the differentiation of primitive and intermediate myeloid (interleukin (IL)-3 driven) and late erythroid (erythropoietin driven) hematopoietic progenitor cells, respectively. The inhibitory and enhancing affects appeared to be mediated by independent pathways, the former requiring cell-cell contact, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on marrow cells and involving transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), whereas the latter required interleukin (IL)-9 and was not contact dependent. Strikingly, we observed that in addition to regulating hematopoietic activity in normal primary BM cells, Tregs were also capable of suppressing colony forming activity by the myelogenous leukemia cell line NFS-60. Furthermore, studies involving endogenous Treg manipulations in-situ (i.e. depletion of these cells) resulted in elevated overall myeloid colony activity (CFU-IL3) and diminished colony numbers of erythroid precursors (CFU-E) in recipients following BMT. Consistent with these results, it was found that upon co-transplant with limiting numbers of bone marrow cells, exogenously added Treg cells exert in-vivo regulation of myeloid and erythroid CFU activity during the initial weeks post-transplantation. This regulation of hematopoietic activity by freshly generated Tregs upon transplantation led to the elaboration of a second hypothesis; following lethal total body irradiation (TBI) the host microenvironment facilitates regulatory T cell activation/effector function. Substantial evidence has accumulated in support of this hypothesis, for example we demonstrate up-regulation of surface molecules such as GARP and CD150/SLAM, which have been previously reported as indicators of Treg activation following TCR signaling and co-stimulation, occurs in donor (reporter) Treg populations. Acquisition of an activated phenotype and hence of effector/modulatory function is consistent with the previous in-vivo observations, indicating that both recipient and donor Treg cells can influence hematopoietic progenitor cell activity post-transplant. Finally, the present studies may be of great relevance in the emerging field of Treg cell based immunotherapy for prevention and/or treatment of HSCT complications.

Le traitement de pathologies cardiaques ischémiques est limité par labsence de capacité régénérative du myocarde. Plusieurs études ont suggéré le potentiel de régénération du myocarde des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH), mésenchymateuses (CSM) et des cellules progénitrices endothéliales (CPE). Une des stratégies envisageables en thérapie cellulaire est la mobilisation des cellules souches adultes de moelle osseuse (MO) dans le sang périphérique (SP) afin quelles puissent participer aux phénomènes de réparation tissulaire cardiaque. Le G-CSF est une cytokine puissante dont il a été démontré quelle pouvait améliorer la fonction et la perfusion cardiaque après un infarctus du myocarde, non seulement en mobilisant les cellules souches de la MO, mais également, en exerçant des effets cardioprotecteurs directs. Toutefois, des études complémentaires sont requises afin de clarifier lintérêt dun traitement complémentaire par du G-CSF chez les patients souffrant dinfarctus aigu du myocarde. Lobjectif du travail est dévaluer plus précisément la capacité du G-CSF à mobiliser les CSH, les CSM et les CPE et dexaminer la contribution de ces cellules aux phénomènes de réparation tissulaire cardiaque après infarctus du myocarde. Evaluation de la taille de linfarctus chez la souris par µSpect Les modèles murins sont fréquemment utilisés pour étudier les mécanismes physiopathologiques cardiaques et tester les nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ; toutefois, lévaluation de la fonction cardiaque reste plus difficile daccès que chez les gros animaux. Cest la raison pour laquelle nous avons mis au point un modèle dinfarctus du myocarde (IM) par occlusion de lartère coronaire chez la souris, mais également les techniques nécessaires à lexploration de la perfusion et de la fonction cardiaque. Afin de suivre lévolution des paramètres hémodynamiques cardiaques fins dans notre modèle dIM, nous avons adapté les techniques déchocardiographie et de sonde à conductance pour leur usage chez la souris. Nous avons ensuite démontré que la technique du µSpect est réalisable chez la souris et permet une détermination précise de la taille de linfarctus. En effet, vu les très petites dimensions du cur de souris, nous avions besoin dune résolution spatiale élevée que nous offre le nouveau système de Spect (Linoview Spect) : celui-ci peut en effet différencier deux points éloignés de 0,35mm. Nous obtenons effectivement des images de qualité équivalente à celles obtenues dans les études cliniques humaines. Nous avons validé cette technique en démontrant une excellente corrélation entre la taille de la zone ischémiée mesurée par µSpect et celle obtenue par les techniques histologiques de coloration au TTC ou trichrome. Nous avons également observé un faible taux de variation des valeurs inter-observation ou inter-observateur. Mobilisation des cellules progénitrices par du G-CSF chez des animaux sains Avant dévaluer la contribution du G-CSF aux phénomènes de réparation du tissu cardiaque lésé suite à une diminution de la perfusion, nous avons tout dabord étudié la capacité du G-CSF à mobiliser les cellules progénitrices hématopoïétiques (CPH), mésenchymateuses (CPM) et endothéliales (CPE). Nous voulions également vérifier limpact dun traitement par du G-CSF sur la perfusion ainsi que sur les performances du muscle cardiaque normal. Nous avons démontré que l'administration de G-CSF chez les souris induit la mobilisation en périphérie de CPH, CPM et CPE, selon une cinétique spécifique à chaque type de cellules progénitrices. Cest après trois jours de traitement par du G-CSF que nous observons un nombre maximum des trois types de progéniteurs dans la SP ; ce serait donc le jour le plus approprié pour collecter par aphérèse une population enrichie en CPH, CPM et CPE. Toutefois, ce jour de collecte est à adapter spécifiquement à chaque type de cellules progénitrices. Lanalyse échocardiographique et les mesures de pression-volume ont démontré que l'administration de G-CSF a un impact sur la fonction hémodynamique cardiaque. Ces données hémodynamiques ont révélé une relaxation anormale du cur, une compliance plus faible du ventricule gauche (VG) et une plus faible déformation du myocarde. Ces résultats pourraient suggérer que le G-CSF exerce un effet rigidifiant sur les parois ventriculaires. De plus, limagerie µSpect montre que la perfusion myocardique chez des souris saines est augmentée de façon importante, peu de temps après l'administration de G-CSF. Mobilisation des cellules progénitrices après la survenue dun IM Nous avons examiné si la survenue dun IM pouvait affecter le nombre de progéniteurs dans la moelle osseuse et le sang périphérique. Nous avons observé que le nombre de CPH et de CFU-GM diminue aussi bien dans la moelle quen circulation, probablement en conséquence de l'inhibition post-inflammatoire de l'hématopoïèse. Les nombres de CPM et la CPE de la moelle ne varient pas, tandis que les CFU-F formées à partir des cellules médullaires diminuent. Ces trois paramètres augmentent considérablement dans le SP, indiquant une mobilisation importante de ces cellules progénitrices, en réponse à l'inflammation myocardique. Il apparaît clairement que les cellules progénitrices sont spécifiquement mobilisées suite à lIM et non pas chez les « sham-operated animals », alors que ces derniers subissent lentièreté de la chirurgie, à lexception de la ligature de lartère coronaire. Mobilisation des cellules progénitrices par du G-CSF chez des animaux souffrant dIM Nous avons étudié la contribution du G-CSF à la réparation du tissu cardiaque dans notre modèle murin de ligature de lartère coronaire. Limpact sur la survie, la fonction hémodynamique cardiaque et la perfusion, de 2 timings de traitement par du G-CSF a été étudiée par lusage complémentaire de léchographie, lévaluation hémodynamique à partir de boucle pression-volume et limagerie µSpect. Pour ce faire, les animaux ligaturés sont traités par du G-CSF, soit pendant 5 jours après linfarctus, soit pendant 5J avant et 5J après la chirurgie. Une semaine après linduction de lIM, les modifications fonctionnelles et structurelles induites par linfarctus et le traitement au G-CSF sont évaluées. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus montrent que les CPM et les CPE sont davantage mobilisées dans le sang périphérique chez les souris souffrant dIM et traitées par du G-CSF que chez les animaux non traités. De plus, ladministration du G-CSF est nécessaire à la mobilisation des CPH après un IM aigu. Ladministration de G-CSF améliore la survie des animaux. En effet, la mortalité évolue de 30% chez les animaux non traités à 18% chez les animaux traités par du G-CSF dans les 5J qui suivent la ligature, et 0% de survie si les animaux sont traités 5J avant la ligature et 5J après. Le remodelage du VG est également amélioré par le G-CSF, comme le montre la diminution du poids du coeur et de la taille du VG. Nous avons alors évalué l'impact de l'administration de G-CSF sur le déficit de la perfusion et avons observé que ce paramètre, ainsi que la taille de linfarctus, sont sensiblement diminués après 10 jours de G-CSF. Nous obtenons également une évolution favorable de la perfusion entre les jours 1 et 7 chez les animaux recevant du G-CSF. Le nombre d'artérioles CD31 positives dans le coeur est également augmenté après un traitement par du G-CSF. Afin dévaluer plus précisément l'impact du traitement par du G-CSF sur la physiopathologie cardiaque chez des souris souffrant dIM, une évaluation hémodynamique de fonction cardiaque a été réalisée. Nous pouvons observer une amélioration de certains paramètres de la fonction cardiaque mais non de tous. En effet, 7 jours après la survenue de lIM, le débit cardiaque est presque totalement corrigé mais la fraction déjection du VG reste inchangée. Les paramètres de déformation du VG ne sont pas normalisés une semaine après linfarctus. Dun point de vue hémodynamique, la constante de relaxation augmente au-delà des valeurs normales après ladministration de G-CSF. De même, en fin de diastole, la pression augmente fortement, alors que le volume reste inchangé. Ces données indiquent à nouveau une altération de la relaxation du muscle cardiaque et une diminution de la compliance du VG chez les animaux traités par du G-CSF. Ces résultats confirment le potentiel du G-CSF à mobiliser les cellules progénitrices dans le sang périphérique et leur possible contribution aux phénomènes de réparation cardiaque. Le développement dun traitement par du G-CSF dans les pathologies ischémiques cardiaques est un thérapeutique non invasive qui suscite un vif intérêt, mais qui nécessite des évaluations approfondies au travers détudes fondamentales et cliniques en double aveugle et randomisées. Il faut maintenant déterminer les mécanismes par lesquels le G-CSF exer

Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) are thought to participate in the healing of injured vascular endothelium by incorporating into the defect sites to mediate endothelial recovery. Recently, osteopontin (OPN) was shown to be fundamental in accelerating estrogen-dependent healing of injured blood vessels. Here, we are investigating the effect OPN has on EPC behavior. Late outgrowth human EPCs (LEPCs) were derived from circulating monocytes isolated by leukophoresis, and grown in culture until passage six. L-EPCs were then assayed for adhesion, spreading, chemotaxis, and haptotaxis, as well as resistance to detachment by flow electric cellsubstrate impedance sensing (ECIS). The results of standard and ECIS methods showed both dose and time dependent responses in cell adhesion and spreading. In addition, OPN promoted haptotactic migration of EPCs in Boyden chamber assays. LEPCs seeded onto 10μM OPN substrates and exposed to laminar flow had grater survival and higher resistance to detachment than OPN/static and flow only conditions. CD44 and !1 integrins were only responsible for approximately 50% of LEPCs adhesion to OPN compared to the unblocked condition. Western blots showed that Rho GTPases were activated in L-EPCs seeded on OPN. However, this activation could not be completely blocked by either CD44 or !1 integrin antagonists. These data confirm the direct effects of OPN on EPCs adhesion, and suggest that OPN works by mediating cell adhesion during vascular injury.

Mitofusin 1 and 2 are outer-mitochondrial membrane proteins that have been shown to be involved in fusion. Mitofusin 2 has also been associated with apoptosis and development. When Mfn1 and Mfn2 were each conditionally knocked out from the cerebellum, Purkinje cells in Mfn2 deficient cerebellum during development had undergone neurodegeneration. Mutations in Mfn2 have also been associated with the Charcot Marie Tooth Type 2A (CMT2A). We want to asses the effect Mfn2 and Mfn1 might have on the development of other regions of the brain such as the telencephalon. We generated Mfn1 and Mfn2 conditional knockouts in the telencephalon by crossing them with Foxg1 Cre - a cre expressed in the telencephalon. We found that Mfn1 deficient mice have lost their corpus callosum at the midline, but survive over 6 months with a decrease in progenitor cells postnatally. Mfn2 deficient mice die between P9 and P12 with a decrease in progenitor cells postnatally and a decrease in number of neurons in the cortex. Therefore, our results suggest that Mfn1 and Mfn2 play a significant role in the development of the telencephalon.

The objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of local endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) therapy on bone regeneration in a segmental defect in the rat femur. Animals from the EPC-treated (N=28) and control (N=28) groups were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, and 10 weeks post-operatively. Bone healing was evaluated with radiographic, histological, and micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Radiographically; mean scores of the EPC group at 1, 2, and 3 weeks were significantly higher compared to control group. At 10 weeks, all the animals in the EPC group had complete union (7/7), but in the control group none achieved union (0/7). Histologically, specimens from EPC-treated animals had abundant new bone formation compared to controls. Micro-CT assessment showed significantly improved parameters of bone healing for the EPC group compared to control group. In conclusion, local EPC therapy significantly enhanced bone regeneration in a segmental bone defect in rat femur.

Sox2 is the most frequently amplified oncogene in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Lung SCC arises in the proximal to central airways and is thought to originate from the p63-positive basal progenitor cells. Since Sox2 amplification occurs early in SCC pathogenesis, we investigated the oncogenic role of Sox2 using normal primary human lung basal progenitor cells. Although Sox2 is highly expressed in normal basal progenitors in a quiescent tracheal epithelium in vivo, we found that Sox2 expression decreases substantially during in vitro proliferation. When Sox2 expression is elevated in the proliferating basal cells in vitro to a level clinically observed in lung SCCs, Sox2 causes hyperplasia and promotes both squamous and Mucin16-positive glandular lineages at the expense of ciliated cell differentiation. Furthermore, our data suggest that the squamous and glandular-differentiating activity of Sox2 is differentially modulated by Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and/or PI3-kinase signaling to promote squamous metaplasia of basal progenitor cells during SCC development.

The objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of local endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) therapy on bone regeneration in a segmental defect in the rat femur. Animals from the EPC-treated (N=28) and control (N=28) groups were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, and 10 weeks post-operatively. Bone healing was evaluated with radiographic, histological, and micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Radiographically; mean scores of the EPC group at 1, 2, and 3 weeks were significantly higher compared to control group. At 10 weeks, all the animals in the EPC group had complete union (7/7), but in the control group none achieved union (0/7). Histologically, specimens from EPC-treated animals had abundant new bone formation compared to controls. Micro-CT assessment showed significantly improved parameters of bone healing for the EPC group compared to control group. In conclusion, local EPC therapy significantly enhanced bone regeneration in a segmental bone defect in rat femur.