Previous reports have shown that several tattoo inks available on the Swedish market contain prohibited substances. Although the regulatory framework has been in place since 2012, there is a lack of clarity about whether the contents of tattoo inks meet regulatory requirements or not. The purpose of this study was to find out if an active supervision is conducted to determine if the regulations on tattoo inks are met, focusing on the content of prohibited substances. 43 Swedish municipalities were given a survey about their experiences in conducting supervision of tattoo artists. Most municipalities have used the regulation (2012:503) on tattoo inks. Parts that involves giving information to the customer, labeling of tattoo ink containers and sterility have been more common in the supervision than the parts related to control of the tattoo inks content. It is today difficult and time consuming to verify the state of tattoo ink contents and to compare with the available lists included in the legislation. The study suggests the introduction of a simpler, standardized method for investigating whether a tattoo color contains prohibited substances or not.

Sport as a kind of physical activity should, above all, be a way of entertainment for people. However, one cannot forget to mention the other aspects, which sport provides to people, whether from the point of view of health or psychology. It particularly concerns the improvement of both physical and mental form, prevention against health problems, relaxation, improvement of communication, cooperation etc. Sport has become a phenomena of these days. Shining careers, tremendous popularity and last but not least sometimes huge amounts of money offered to the best sportsmen lead to swindles as a matter of course. Nowadays, the desire for success can overcome the limits of fair play, and therefore a lot of sportsmen tend to the use of illegal aids in order to have an advantage over their rivals. In spite of that, doping is not the term only connected with top-performance sports, but also with recreation sports. Dope substances are used on all sporting levels at the present. The main aim of this work is to introduce readers to the problems of using dopes and their detection. The work describes the ways in which doping checks proceed, and in which sports and on which levels doping checks can be anticipated. Keywords Doping, blood tests, testing, doping controls , prohibited substances , prohibited metods...

Substances have been used for medicinal, recreational, and enhancement purposes by numerous population groups since ancient times. This practice is as old as humankind itself with alcohol use in South Africa for instance dating back 70 000 years. Regulation of some substances has now become standard practice due to their harmful and deleterious effects, increasing the risk to the user and society, which includes the educational, workplace and sports environment. Regulation involves enlisting of substances and testing for these prohibited substances in humans to assess compliance. Such a program has to be ethically sound, legally correct and scientifically accurate. Prohibited substance regulation and testing in humans can be seen as a biomedical intervention on an individual which may violate the right to privacy, dignity, autonomy and freedom to use substances for medicinal, recreational and enhancement purposes. The field is flawed with ethical dilemmas that can be solved by employing the principalism approach, which involves respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice. The obtainment of voluntary free informed consent, as a prerequisite for respect for autonomy is essential before a prohibited substance test on an individual is initiated. The author suggests that ethical oversight be instituted by statute, at a standard equivalent to that of ethical clinical research which is aligned with the Nuremberg code. It was also suggested that the professionals involved in the administration of prohibited substance regulation and testing programs should be registered with a professional council to comply with minimum standards of education and professionalism. International prohibited substance regulation and testing programmes related to the workplace as an example of foreign law (SAMHSA), and sports doping (WADA) as an example of international law, were studied and evaluated against the relevant provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (CSA) and statutes such as the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Protection of Personal Information Act. The relevant sections in the CSA revolved mainly around respect for privacy, dignity, autonomy, freedom and equality. It was found that the prohibited substance regulation and testing policy was essential in all settings to provide legal certainty for subjects and administrators. The constitutional right to just administrative action is of vital importance for these policies which have to function in a quasi-judicial environment, also based on the principle of “separation of powers”. The legal implications of the recent legalisation of cannabis on the workplace and other safety-sensitive environments were assessed and it was concluded that organisations still had an obligation to regulate, and to test for the active constituent (_9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC) in their employees, due to its impairment potential that increases the risk to the health and safety of others. It was also suggested that the relevant legislation, such as the Occupational Health Act be changed to include threshold concentrations or cut-off concentrations in biofluids which mark the onset of impairment. A cut-off concentration of 2 ng/mL in blood was suggested for THC, and the use of oral fluid and urine as matrices for testing was discussed due to the invasiveness of blood sampling. Current issues in South Africa is addressed from a forensic toxicology perspective. The use of the hypergeometric distribution, based on sampling without replacement was suggested as a means to obtain the minimum number of subjects to be selected from a group within a specified level of confidence. Observational and chemical strategies to identify drug users were reviewed. A strategy to evaluate drug screening devices was proposed and applied to typical devices currently on the market in South Africa. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / DPhil / Unrestricted

Title: Nutritional supplements as permitted doping Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to find out for what specific reasons users of additional resources are willing to invest their money in the purchase of supplements, and also what is the decisive factor in choosing a particular type of product. Methods: To find out the knowledge of people sports at a professional or amateur level in the field of nutritional supplements, the method of questionnaire sociological survey was used. This method was used in order to determine the awareness of athletes about this topic, their possible influence by advertising or product prices, and also to ensure the complete anonymity of respondents. Results: This thesis describes the topic of nutritional supplements among athletes across all possible sports. We have found that the sports population has a very good overview of nutritional supplements, but at the same time it does not give as much of the right balance of their food. Keywords: sport, management, marketing, nutritional supplements, doping, prohibited substances

Title: Development of doping and its prohibition in modern Olympism. Objectives: The main goal of the thesis is to present issues of doping. Partial goal is to outline the development of the modern Olympic Movement and to identify the principal points in the development of doping ban, which resulted in the current form of the anti-doping movement. Methods: This is a theoretical thesis. The scientific methods of historical research and document analysis were used to achieve the targets. Results: New substances and methods, that can improve athletic performance, are constantly discovered. However in case of excessive use, these substances can harm human body. Therefore it is necessary to guard their abuse. Unfortunately the biggest breakthroughs in doping prohibition came after athlete's deaths (caused by doping). International Olympic Committee played a fundamental role in the process of doping ban. IOC initiated establish of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. WADA currently provides a really efficient fight against doping in sport. Keywords: Doping, prohibited substances, anti-doping policy, Olympic Movement, IOC, WADA.

This diploma thesis investigates the extent to which athletes competing in 21st century world athletic competitions, ie OH and MS in athletics, violated anti-doping rules. The main aim is to find out which disciplines at the world's top athletics competitions, ie World Championships in Athletics and the Olympic Games, most frequently appeared in the 21st Century of Doping, and from which countries were athletes who contributed most to the use of doping. The secondary objective is to find out which prohibited substances or methods were most used in the athletic world competitions under study.