Seminar paper--University of Wisconsin--La Crosse. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-27).

Thesis, PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

The problem of this study was to examine errors located by subjects proofreading hardcopy versus softcopy business documents. Hardcopy refers to a business document typed or printed on paper; softcopy refers to a business document displayed on a computer screen. Data were obtained by 61 Southwest Virginia high school business students completing a background information sheet and proofreading the same three documents—a letter, a report, and a memo—on both hardcopy and softcopy media; for each media, the students proofread each document for 15 to 20 minutes over a 1-hour period. The number and types of errors found, the number of times each document was proofread, and personal characteristics of the subjects were analyzed. The following outcomes are based on the results of the study: (a) subjects located the same number of errors when proofreading from hardcopy and softcopy media; (b) subjects located one to two more errors in the letters and reports than in the memos; (c) the medium was not related to the specific types of errors found; (d) subjects who proofread a document five times located one to two more errors than those who proofread fewer times; (e) subjects with 0 to 2 years of computer experience located one more error than those with more experience. The two main conclusions of the study were: (a) students need not print hardcopies of documents in an attempt to locate more errors than in softcopy documents; and (b) teachers should be aware that students are more likely to locate some types of errors than others. / Master of Science

No description available.

No description available.

This mixed model study informed by a multi-modal approach investigated the relationship between reading aloud and the student revision process. Participants for this study were undergraduate juniors and seniors enrolled in any one of four sections of English 393 (Writing Competency Course) at Ball State University during the summer semester of 2003. These students had previously failed the Writing Competency Exam at Ball State; therefore, they had to complete English 393 successfully to fulfill Ball State's writing competency requirement and, ultimately, to graduate. Specifically, this study examined what types of surface and global features that these English 393 students noticed when reading their initial essay drafts aloud to themselves and what global revisions they made, if any, based upon these initial observations. Methods used were audio recordings, observation logs, multiple copies of student drafts, pre- and postattitudinal surveys, read-aloud surveys, post-revision surveys, introductory and concluding instructor surveys, additional instructor surveys, and reviews of composition/rhetoric textbooks.Results of this study indicated that students enrolled in English 393 courses at Ball State University during the summer of 2003 predominantly noticed surface features in their essays as a result of reading their initial drafts aloud to themselves. Therefore, using this read-aloud method did not prompt the large majority of these junior- and senior-level English 393 students to make global revisions in their drafts. They predominantly made surface-level revisions, indicative of the types of revisions that freshman college writers make. While one student from the population did make global revisions as a result of using the read-aloud method, the researcher attributed this anomaly to the student's probable oral learning style and/or the student's previous experience using the read-aloud method. / Department of English

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20559号 / 医博第4244号 / 新制||医||1022(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 高田 穣, 教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 松本 智裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

No description available.

Mon travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur la machinerie enzymatique impliquée dans la réplication du génome ARN du Syndrome Respiratoire Aigu Sévère-Coronavirus (SRAS-CoV). J'ai montré in vitro que l'activité ARN polymérase ARN-dépendante (RdRp) portée par nsp12 nécessite le complexe nsp7/nsp8, qui agit comme facteur de processivité. Grâce à ce complexe polymérase hautement actif, j'ai pu en suite étudier le mécanisme de "proofreading" (correction d'épreuve) associé aux coronavirus, pour lequel seulement des preuves indirectes avaient été assemblées. En effet, les coronavirus codent pour une activité exonucléase 3'-5' (nsp14-ExoN) qui lorsqu'elle est absente, entraine 14-fois plus d'erreurs de réplication en contexte cellulaire. In vitro, nous avons pu montrer que nsp14-ExoN est capable d'exciser l'ARN double brin ainsi qu'un nucléotide mésapparié en 3' de l'ARN en cours d'élongation. J'ai pu apporter pour la première fois une preuve directe de l'existence d'un système de réparation des erreurs au cours de la synthèse, mené par le complexe nsp7/nsp8/nsp12/nsp14. En effet, le complexe nsp7/nsp8/nsp12 ralentit jusqu'à 30-fois quand il rajoute une base mésappariée. Par sequençage, nous avons pu montrer la réparation de cette base mésappariée en presence de nsp14. Enfin, grâce à ce système in vitro nous avons une base pour comprendre l'inefficacité de la ribavirine sur des patients atteints du SRAS. En effet, la ribavirine, incorporée par le complexe polymérase, serait également excisée par nsp14, annihilant tout potentiel effet mutagenique. En conclusion, ce système va permettre de guider le développement d'antiviraux de type nucleoside analogues contre les coronavirus. / This work focused on the enzymatic machinery involved in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA replication and transcription. Firstly, I established a robust in vitro polymerase assay with the canonical SARS-CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nsp12. I showed that nsp12, in order to engage processive RNA synthesis, needs two viral proteins, i.e. nsp7 and nsp8. This nsp7/nsp8 complex not only activates nsp12-RdRp, but also acts as a processivity factor. Thus, using this processive polymerase complex, I could investigate SARS-CoV proofreading for which only indirect evidences were reported. Indeed, coronaviruses encode for a 3'-5' exonuclease (nsp14-ExoN), putatively involved in a mechanism that proofreads coronavirus RNA during viral replication. We first showed in vitro that nsp14-ExoN, which is stimulated by nsp10, is able to excise specifically dsRNA as well as all primer/templates bearing a 3' mismatch on the primer. Moreover, we could confirm by sequencing that a RNA 3' mismatch was indeed corrected in vitro by the nsp7/nsp8/nsp12/nsp14 complex. We provide for the first time direct evidence that nsp14-ExoN, in coordination with the polymerase complex, is able to proofread RNA. Interestingly, using this in vitro system we found an element that could possibly explain the inefficacy of ribavirin therapeutic treatment on SARS-patients: ribavirin, which is incorporated by the SARS-CoV polymerase complex, would also be excised by nsp14. In conclusion, this system will drive future development of antivirals, particularly of the nucleoside analogue type, against coronaviruses.