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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabio Augusto Gomes.pdf: 311177 bytes, checksum: b5c07dc3552ef0eda1c2879dd9a52d5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-10 / Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nïvel Superior / The experiment was accomplished in the quail production sector of the José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS) with the objective of determining the energy values of 12 feeds for laying japanese quails 280 quails aged 19 weeks were submitted to the traditional method of total excreta collection in a randomized block design with the experimenal unit made up of ten birds The experiment lasted 32 days and was divided into four trials of eight days each where two groups of feeds were studied (protein and energy) with five replicates each protein of animal origin (meat and bone meal 45% fish meal 54% feather and viscera meal) and soybean meals 1 and 2 - 45% as well as energy feeds of plant origin (millet sorghum and whole rice bran) and oil and fats (refined soybean oil bird fat bovine lard and swine fat) The feeds replaced the reference diet based on corn and soybean meal in natural matter (NM) in 20% 30% 40% and 10% respectively Simultaneously five replicates of six birds each were placed to fast for determination of the endogenous losses The variables analyzed were the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) true metabolizable energy (TME) and AME and TME corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) as well as metabolization coefficients of gross energy (MGEC) The protein sources with the exception of feather and viscera meal presented values of AMEn higher than those found in the Brazilian table for birds and swine meat and bone meal presenting the greatest MGEC (P<0.01) 74.06% while feather and viscera meal the lowest 56.24% Out of the energy feeds studied with the exception of sorghum values of AMEn superior to those referenced in the Brazilian table for birds and swine were found both refined soybean oil and swine fat presenting the highest MGEC (P<0.01) 95.81% and 93.32% respectively while whole rice bran the lowest 61,13% The values found of AMEn for meat and bone meal fish meal feather and viscera meal and soybean meals 1 and 2 were respectively 2,796 +- 46 3,035 +- 88 3,461 +- 87 3,149 +- 55 and 3,231 +- 76 kcal/kg of dry matter and for millet sorghum whole rice bran refined soybean meal bird fat bovine lard and swine fat were 3,581 +- 81; 3,943 +- 128 2,563 +- 165 8,827 +- 122 8,720 +- 33 7,641 +- 147 and 8,674 +- 110 kcal/kg of dry matter respectively / O experimento foi realizado no setor de coturnicultura da Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS) com o objetivo de determinar os valores energéticos de 12 alimentos para codornas japonesas em postura Utilizaram-se 280 codornas com 19 semanas de idade submetidas ao método tradicional de coleta total de excretas em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com unidade experimental composta por dez aves O experimento teve duração de 32 dias corridos dividido em quatro ensaios com oito dias cada onde foram estudados dois grupos de alimentos (protéicos e energéticos) com cinco repetições cada sendo eles protéicos de origem animal (farinha de carne e ossos 45% farinha de peixe 54% e farinha de penas e vísceras) e vegetal (farelos de soja 1 e 2 45%) bem como energéticos de origem vegetal (milheto sorgo e farelo de arroz integral) e óleo e gorduras (óleo de soja refinado gordura de aves sebo bovino e gordura de suínos) Os alimentos substituíram a ração referência à base de milho e farelo de soja na matéria natural (MN) em 20% 30% 40% e 10% respectivamente Simultaneamente cinco repetições de seis aves cada foram colocadas em jejum para determinação das perdas endógenas As variáveis analisadas foram os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e as EMA e EMV corrigidas pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn e EMVn) como também os coeficientes de metabolização da energia bruta (CMEB) As fontes protéicas estudadas com exceção da farinha de penas e vísceras apresentaram valores de EMAn superiores aos encontrados na tabela brasileira para aves e suínos apresentando a farinha de carne e ossos o maior CMEB (P<0,01) 74,06% enquanto que a farinha de penas e vísceras o menor 56,24% Dos alimentos energéticos estudados com exceção do sorgo verificou-se também valores de EMAn superiores aos referenciados na tabela brasileira para aves e suínos apresentando o óleo de soja refinado e a gordura de suínos os maiores CMEB (P<0,01) 95,81% e 93,32%respectivamente enquanto que o farelo de arroz integral o menor 61,13% Os valores encontrados de EMAn para a farinha de carne e ossos farinha de peixe farinha de penas e vísceras e farelos de soja 1 e 2 foram respectivamente de 2796 +- 46 3035 +- 88 3461 +- 87 3149 +- 55 e 3231 +- 76 kcal/kg de matéria seca e para o milheto sorgo farelo de arroz integral óleo de soja refinado gordura de aves sebo bovino e gordura de suínos foram de 3581 +- 81 3943 +- 128 2563 +- 165 8827 +- 122 8720 +- 33 7641 +- 147 e 8674 +- 110 kcal/kg de matéria seca respectivamente

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the climate impact from different arable land use options and protein feeds aimed for cattle. This has been made by executing two life cycle assessments (LCAs). The first LCA aimed to compare the following three arable land use options: Cultivation of wheat used for production of bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS Cultivation of rapeseed used for production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine Fallow in the form of long-term grassland The second LCA aimed to compare the three protein feeds DDGS, rapeseed meal and soybean meal. In the LCA of arable land, the functional unit 1 ha arable land during one year was used and the LCA had a cradle-to-grave perspective. The LCA of protein feeds had the functional unit 100 kg digestible crude protein and had a cradle-to-gate perspective, hence the use and disposal phases of the feeds were excluded. Bioethanol, DDGS and carbon dioxide produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol, Norrköping, were investigated in this study. The production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine were considered to occur at a large-scale plant in Östergötland, but no site-specific data was used. Instead, general data of Swedish production was used in the assessment. The wheat and rapeseed cultivations were considered to take place at the same Swedish field as the fallow takes place. The protein feed DDGS was produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol and the rapeseed meal was assumed to be produced at a general large-scale plant in Sweden. In the soybean meal scenario, a general case for the Brazilian state Mato Grosso was assumed and no specific production site was investigated. Data required for the LCAs was retrieved from literature, the LCI database Ecoinvent and from Lantmännen Agroetanol. In the LCA of arable land use options, system expansion was used on all products produced to be able to compare the wheat and rapeseed scenarios with the fallow scenario. In the LCA of protein feeds, system expansion was used on co-products. The products in the arable land use options and the co-products in the protein feed scenarios are considered to replace the production and use of products on the market with the same function. The result shows that the best arable land use option from a climate change perspective is to cultivate wheat and produce bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS. This is since wheat cultivation has a higher yield per hectare compared to rapeseed and therefore a bigger amount of fossil products and feed ingredients can be substituted. To have the arable land in fallow is the worst option from a climate change perspective, since no products are produced that can substitute alternative products. Furthermore, the result shows that DDGS and rapeseed meal are to prefer before soybean meal from a climate change perspective, since soybean meal has a higher climate impact than DDGS and rapeseed meal. This can be explained by the smaller share of co-products produced in the soybean meal scenario compared to the DDGS and rapeseed meal scenarios. Since the production and use of co-products leads to avoided greenhouse gas emissions (since they substitute alternatives), the amount of co-products being produced is an important factor. A sensitivity analysis was also executed testing different system boundaries and variables critical for the result in both LCAs. The conclusion of this study is that arable land should be used to cultivate wheat in order to reduce the total climate impact from arable land. Furthermore, it is favorable for the climate if DDGS or rapeseed meal are used as protein feeds instead of imported soybean meal.