Trade policy and protectionism. Previous crises experiences, Great Depression. Protectionism and current crisis, measures taken by important states. WTO and current crisis, influence of the crisis on the Quatar Round.

Tato práce se zabývá dopadem protekcionistických politik vyspělých zemí na rozvojové země. Cílem této práce je analýza cukerné politiky EU a její dopady na země Sub-Saharské Afriky - Zambie a Mozambik, a také je uveden příklad Brazílie. Součástí práce je i nová reforma cukerného pořádku a její možné dopady.

The diploma thesis on the subject: "WTO positions to deal with the international financial and economic crisis" makes an attempt to get a complex view of the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to the recent and so far not totally overcome world economic crisis. The point of departure of the dissertation is a brief analysis of the main functions of the WTO in the context of its history including the ongoing negotiations of the so called Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The dissertation analyses further the main causes of the recent crisis and compares it with the Great Depression of the thirties in the XX century. Special attention is thereat given to the role of the international trade and the impact of both crises on it. It states that in both cases the trade was not a cause of the crisis but rather its victim. The differences are seen in the fact that in this crisis the states in principle managed to resist protectionist tendencies. This was also thanks to the role of the WTO and its effect, through its monitoring mechanism as well as the existence of the system of binding rules. It takes notice of different forms of today's protectionism and is warning against its development. In the conclusion the thesis indicates some of the possible directions of the next development of the WTO activities.

This thesis deals with possible convergence/divergence in evaluation of globalization between pro-market economists (represented by author of this thesis) on the one hand and Mr. Joseph Stiglitz (major American economist) on the other hand. Taken into account and scrutinized are hereby some selected aspects of globalization, namely those treated in Joseph Stiglitz's recent book Making Globalization Work. The author, on the basis of economic theory and its application on those selected aspects, comes to conclusions that differ completely from the ones of Mr. Stiglitz. Differences and divergences in conclusions between Mr. Stiglitz and the author stem, indeed, from their individual preferences in the field of economic theory.

The diploma thesis is focused on excise duties of alcoholic beverages including beer, wine and other spirits in the European Union. Duties rates are explained using three regressive models of consumption, production of alcoholic beverages and economic level of Member states. None of the models confirms duties rates are related to consumption or production; on the other side excise duties raise in case of increasing economic level. There were identified few states with prerequisites for protectionism based on research of Member states. This regards beer in Czechia, Germany, Belgium and Lithuania; wine in case of Slovenia, Portugal and Italy; spirits in Cyprus. In these states are more advantageous conditions in consumption and production of alcoholic beverages, although unconsciously or unin-tendedly embedded, than among other Member states.

Protectionism has become a hot topic in these years. Based on the data of China-U.S. trade war, this thesis explores the economic impact of protectionism on United States. The effect of U.S. protectionist measures on imports value, welfare change and employment has been estimated and the result shows although trade protection could bring benefits to the U.S. in the short term, it will cause substantial welfare losses to U.S. residents. JEL Classification F1 Keywords protectionism, imports, welfare, employment Author's e-mail 98771754@fsv.cuni.cz Supervisor's e-mail petrjakubik@seznam.cz

Economic crisis are time periods that significantly contribute to the development of protectionism. It was the same during the current crisis that began in July 2007. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the current national responses to the economic crisis hide the risk of protectionism. The thesis focuses mainly on the People's Republic of China.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the change in response of Latin American governments to the economic crisis and thus the change in the character of protectionist measures applied. How do the means of the protection of domestic market change? How does the financial globalization reflect in the Latin American protectionism? What are the further perspectives of the development of Latin American countries? The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter examines the forms of protectionism in the reaction to economic crisis of the 20th century. Firstly, it presents Latin America as a traditionally protectionist region in the period of the import substitution industrialization, secondly it focuses on governments' reactions to the cyclic crises of the 80s and 90s that were caused by the liberalization of the capital accounts and high sensitivity of Latin American economies to the sudden stop on financial markets. The second chapter is devoted to the current global economic crisis. It analyses the means of trade and financial protectionism. Simultaneously, it compares the protectionist measures used to the ones employed in previous periods. The final part of the thesis explores further perspectives of Latin American regionalism and improved macroeconomic stability of Latin American economies.

A model of development aid, which has been known for more than 50 years is clearly ineffective in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is because such assistance demonstrably negatively affects local governments and strongly contributes to the proliferation of corruption and deterioration of the elements od democracy. The theory of the vicious circle of poverty as one of the main arguments of the proponents of this aid is refuted in the thesis and replaced by the theory of the vicious circle of political instability, which is associated with that governments and their policies. It is necessary tu support a citizens' initiative, which will seek the establishment of democratic institutions, not governments, which are responsible for poverty of their country. Development aid is not the only thing that harms poor countries. Less visible, but with a strong negative effect there are protectionist measures in the form of non-tariff barriers, the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU and its export subsidies, or debt relief of bad governemtns. The failure of these policies are so fundamental that the best advice would probably be to end the government subsidies for poor countries and a focus on small development projects helping specific people, instead of grand plans and aid volumes sounding into space.

The thesis is aimed at explanation of the factors that led to the creation of the current financial crisis in their mutual context. Emphasis is placed on the way of providing mortgages in the USA, policy of FED and credit derivatives. The impacts of the crisis on banking, stock and commodity markets, building industry and automotive industry are discussed as important determinants of international trade. It is shortly mentioned how countries like Germany, China or Czech Republic dealt with the crisis. The final part of the thesis is devoted to the impacts of the crisis on international trade, these impacts result from the issues that are described in the first two parts. Discussed are the commodity and territorial structures of the international trade during the years of crisis. Also the impacts on the foreign trade of the Czech Republic are stressed.