La tumorigenèse est un processus complexe provoqué par l'accumulation d'altérations génétiques contribuant à la transformation progressive d'une cellule normale en une cellule cancéreuse. Les travaux menés en hématologie ont permis d'identifier de nombreux mécanismes de signalisation impliqués dans des processus cellulaires clés comme la prolifération, la différenciation et la survie cellulaire, particulièrement au niveau des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH). Parmi ces mécanismes, ceux déclenchés par les récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase comme c-KIT ou FLT-3 ont été largement décrits au cours de ces dernières années. PTK7 est un récepteur tyrosine kinase de la famille des pseudokinases impliqué dans le développement embryonnaire qui joue un rôle important dans la polarité planaire. Le gène humain initialement cloné à partir de cellules de cancer du côlon code pour une protéine surexprimée dans de nombreuses tumeurs malignes. Nous avons confirmé sa surexpression dans les leucémies aiguës myéloïdes humaines et démontré que cet évènement représente un facteur indépendant de mauvais pronostic, en modulant la réponse aux agents cytotoxiques. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle de PTK7 dans l'hématopoïèse physiologique, mon projet a consisté à générer une souris déficiente pour cette protéine et à étudier sa fonction dans la biologie des CSH. J'ai montré que les cellules déficientes pour PTK7 présentent un défaut de domiciliation vers la moelle osseuse. Ce travail contribue à mettre en évidence le rôle des protéines de la polarité dans le système hématopoïétique et, plus particulièrement, dans la biologie des CSH. / Tumorigenesis is a multiple step process resulting from accumulation of genetic alterations leading to progressive transformation of normal cells into tumoral cells. Many signaling pathways have been described as key processes implicated in cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell survival, in particular in mature hematotopoietic cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Among these signaling pathways, those controlled by tyrosine kinase receptors such as c-KIT or FLT-3 have been extensively described during the last two decades.PTK7 is a pseudokinase receptor of the tyrosine kinase receptor family involved in embryonic development and described for its role in planar cell polarity. The human gene has been initially cloned from colon carcinoma cells and is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors. We described PTK7 overexpression in acute myeloid leukemia and demonstrated that it represents an independent poor prognosis factor acting as a modulator of the chemotherapeutic response.To better understand the physiological role of PTK7 in the hematopoietic system, my project consisted in the generation of a PTK7 deficient mouse model, and in the study of its function, in particular in HSC biology. My work demonstrated that PTK7 deficient HSCs have a general homing defect and poorly colonize hematopoietic organs including the bone marrow. This work contributes to a better understanding of PTK7 functions and, more generally, sheds light on the role of cell polarity proteins in the biology of HSCs.

Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) is a conserved eukaryotic mechanism to limit protein synthesis under stress conditions. Baculovirus PK2, which resembles the C-terminal half of a protein kinase domain, inhibits eIF2α family kinases in vivo, thereby increasing viral fitness in the face of host immunological and stress responses. The mechanism by which PK2 modulates eIF2α stress response signaling remains unknown. To address this issue, a combination of biochemical, biophysical and in vivo approaches were employed to probe the mechanism of PK2 inhibition on a prototypical human eIF2α kinase, the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). We discovered that PK2 inhibits PKR catalytic activity by directly binding its kinase domain. This direct interaction requires both the kinase-like C-lobe fold of PK2 and a critical 22 residue N-terminal extension that precedes it. We further show that the PK2 N-terminal extension is required but not sufficient for the ability of PK2 function.

Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) is a conserved eukaryotic mechanism to limit protein synthesis under stress conditions. Baculovirus PK2, which resembles the C-terminal half of a protein kinase domain, inhibits eIF2α family kinases in vivo, thereby increasing viral fitness in the face of host immunological and stress responses. The mechanism by which PK2 modulates eIF2α stress response signaling remains unknown. To address this issue, a combination of biochemical, biophysical and in vivo approaches were employed to probe the mechanism of PK2 inhibition on a prototypical human eIF2α kinase, the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). We discovered that PK2 inhibits PKR catalytic activity by directly binding its kinase domain. This direct interaction requires both the kinase-like C-lobe fold of PK2 and a critical 22 residue N-terminal extension that precedes it. We further show that the PK2 N-terminal extension is required but not sufficient for the ability of PK2 function.