Hui Ka Ying Victoria. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-50). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / List of Tables --- p.v / Lists of Figures --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / A Theoretical Model for Maintaining Relationships --- p.1 / Cultural Differences in Relationship Repair --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- METHOD --- p.15 / Participants --- p.15 / Procedure --- p.15 / Measures --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS --- p.19 / Data Analyses --- p.19 / Testing the Measurement Model --- p.19 / Reliabilities and Correlations --- p.19 / Testing the Structural Model --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- DISCUSSION --- p.35 / Cultural General Model regarding the Dynamics of Change in Relationship Quality / following Harm --- p.35 / Further Studies --- p.37 / Implications --- p.39 / References --- p.41 / Appendix A --- p.51 / Footnotes --- p.53

by Luk Anne. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-174). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter: / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Ethnography of Communication --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1. --- Definition --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- Previous Studies --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3. --- Reasons for Conducting the Research --- p.16 / Chapter 3. --- The Theoretical Framework and Its Application --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1. --- Saville-Troike's Model --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2. --- The Application of Saville-Troike's Model --- p.31 / Chapter 4. --- Language usage in Advertisements --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1. --- Linguistic and Advertising --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2. --- The Different Techniques of Foregrounding --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3. --- Justifications of Using the Techniques of Foregrounding --- p.53 / Chapter 5. --- Methodology --- p.56 / Chapter 5.1. --- Research Design --- p.56 / Chapter 5.2. --- Data Collection --- p.57 / Chapter 5.3. --- Data Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 6. --- Findings --- p.72 / Chapter 6.1. --- Interpretations of the Advertisements --- p.74 / Chapter 6.2. --- Linguistic Preference in Advertisements --- p.82 / Chapter 6.3. --- The Role of Language in Advertising --- p.92 / Chapter 6.4. --- Attitude of English advertisementsin Chinese Magazines --- p.113 / Chapter 7. --- Discussion --- p.120 / Chapter 7.1. --- Interpretations of the Advertisements --- p.121 / Chapter 7.2. --- Linguistic Preference in Advertisements --- p.125 / Chapter 7.3. --- The Role of Language in Advertising --- p.127 / Chapter 7.4. --- Attitude towards English advertisements in Chinese Magazines --- p.133 / Chapter 7.5. --- Relations of Social Background factors to the different Aspects of Studies --- p.133 / Chapter 7.6. --- Interactions of the different components in Advertising --- p.153 / Chapter 7.7. --- Limitations of the Study --- p.157 / Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.160 / Chapter 8.1. --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.160 / Chapter 8.2. --- Implications --- p.162 / Chapter 8.3. --- Recommendations for Further Research Studies --- p.165 / References and Bibliography --- p.167 / Appendices --- p.175

本項研究的目的主要是探討兒童和成人如何評鑑不同類別的溝通技巧，並分析成長過程對其之影響。當中我們會進一步探究道德規範和社會常規如何影響人們對於「坦率的真話」和「扭曲的謊言」的分析和評價。為了研究環境因素會否影響人們對於溝通技巧的分析，我們分別掌控了故事當中資訊接收者和資訊提供者的關係，以及資訊對於資訊接收者的重要性。 / 是次的研究對象為七歲，九歲，十一歲的兒童以及一群大學生。他們需要閱讀八個有關日常對話的小故事，並對故事當中主角所說的「傷人真話」和「漂亮謊言」給予評分。結果指出隨著年齡的增長，人們對於善意的謊言有著更正面的評分，而對於傷人的真話之評分則恰恰相反。 / 此外，在分析真話與謊言時，人們處理有關資訊接收者的相關變素亦有著不同的態度。當分析真話時，不論資訊對於接收者的重要性，成人皆會偏好於好朋友說出的真話多於向新同學說出的真話。近似地，兒童也傾向偏好於向好朋友說出的真話多於向新同學說出的真話，但這個差距在資訊重要性較高時會更被放大。當分析謊話時，成人會同時考慮到資訊接收者和資訊提供者的關係以及資訊對於資訊接收者的重要性。他們比較重視較近的關係，於好朋友是資訊接收者時更留意資訊的重要性，並對於重要情況下所說的謊言當予以更負面的評價。但兒童只會集中於分析資訊對於資訊接收者的重要性，因此不論是好朋友還是新同學，他們也會對於在重要情況下所說的謊言予以負面評價。 / 從自我評分分析中，我們更可以肯定不同的年齡層在分析溝通技巧時所著重的價值有所不同。年齡較輕的傾向注重誠信價值，比較偏好於提供正確的資訊，而年長的則更會留意有關社交及環境因素的影響(如獲貌，資訊提供者和接收者的關係，資料重要性等等) ，誘使他們更接受善意的謊言。我們更發現不同的家庭管教方式能夠顯著地預測人們應用哪些道德和社交價值去分析不同的溝通技巧。 / 總結以上的結果，是次研究展示了成長過程對於人們分析及評鑑不同類別的溝通技巧有著顯著的影響作用。 / The current study investigated the developmental trend on the evaluation of different communicative strategies among children and adult. Their justification on the appraisal of blunt truth and twisted information in prosocial situations were examined in relation to their emphasis on moral values and social-conventional rules. To test the sensitivity of contextual factors for analyzing these conversational strategies, recipient-related factors including the relationship between the interlocutors and the importance of the feedback were manipulated. Children aged 7, 9 and 11 year-olds with a group of college students participated in the present study. Participants were given eight daily social scenarios of which the protagonist either told a hurtful blunt truth or a pleasing twisted discourse to the recipient, and the participants were asked to evaluate what the protagonist had said. Result revealed that as one grew older, individuals tended to evaluate more positively for false information with prosocial intentions, and rated more negatively for hurtful blunt truth. Age differences on the impact of recipient-related variables were found to be varied across the statement valence. When evaluating the truthful statements, adults rated those told to close friends more positively as compared to new classmates; consistent across the consequence factors. Similar to adults, children favored blunt truth for close friends compared to new classmates; but the effect would be magnifying in high consequence situations. Whereas when evaluating the manipulated statements, adults take into consideration both the factor of intimacy and consequence, and rated falsify message told in high consequence situations more negative as compared to low consequence situations when the recipients were their close friends. While the children group only focused on the consequence impact and rated more negatively for any twisted information in high consequence situation as bad across friendships. The two piece of information together illustrated that children who valued more on honesty would evaluate deeper on the blunt truth condition, while adults who valued more on politeness would have a more thorough analysis for the manipulated speech condition. Justification analysis provided further support on the age difference on values weighting in analyzing the usage of these speech strategies. While younger generation focused more on the importance of honesty, which enhanced the preference of accurate information; older participants on the other hand attended more on social and contextual factors including politeness, relationship factors, and feedback consequences, encouraging their acceptance of prosocial speech manipulation. Parenting styles were found to predict significantly the adoption of different moral and social values in explaining the evaluation. Overall, our study revealed significant developmental changes for the evaluation and justification of the conversational strategies. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Szeto, Ching Yee Lovenner. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-96). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix A includes Chinese. / Chapter 1 / Introduction --- p.11 / Definition of Manipulated Speech --- p.11 / Prevalence of Manipulated Speech among Adults --- p.12 / Necessary Conditions for the Employment of Speech Manipulation --- p.14 / Language and cognitive abilities --- p.14 / Theory of mind --- p.14 / Emotion understanding --- p.15 / Summary --- p.16 / Impact of Socialization on the Appraisal of Speech Manipulation --- p.16 / Parenting styles --- p.16 / Summary --- p.18 / Developmental trend for Various Manipulated Discourse --- p.18 / Egocentric lies --- p.19 / Prosocial lies --- p.20 / Conclusion --- p.21 / Developmental trend for Conceptual and Moral Understanding --- p.21 / Conceptual understanding of manipulated discourses --- p.21 / Evaluation of lies --- p.23 / Linkage between moral evaluation and moral behaviors --- p.25 / Conclusion --- p.26 / Other Important Factors Guiding the Usage of Conversational Strategies --- p.27 / Consequential factors --- p.27 / Relational factors --- p.28 / Conclusion --- p.30 / Current Studies --- p.30 / Conceptual understanding --- p.31 / Evaluation of statement (Overall) --- p.31 / Evaluation of statement (Recipient Intimacy) --- p.31 / Evaluation of statement (Recipient Consequence) --- p.31 / Evaluation of statement (Interaction) --- p.32 / Justification of the rating --- p.32 / Parenting styles analysis --- p.33 / Evaluation of statement (Emotion understanding) --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 2 / Method --- p.35 / Participants (Overall) --- p.35 / Procedure --- p.35 / Procedure for child participants --- p.35 / Procedure for undergraduates --- p.36 / Materials --- p.36 / Blunt truth and strategic speech vignettes --- p.36 / Need for approval --- p.40 / Theory of mind understanding --- p.40 / Parenting styles --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 3 / Result --- p.43 / Analysis on the evaluative ratings of the target statements --- p.43 / Preliminary analysis --- p.43 / Combined analysis (blunt truth or strategic speech) --- p.43 / Analysis for the scenarios of blunt truth --- p.44 / Analysis for the scenarios of strategic speech --- p.45 / Adoption of justification by age (statement values, intimacy and consequence) --- p.46 / Usage of honesty as justification of the evaluative ratings --- p.46 / Usage of politeness as justification of the evaluative ratings --- p.46 / Usage of intimacy as justification of the evaluative ratings --- p.46 / Usage of consequence as justification of the evaluative ratings --- p.46 / Analysis of evaluative ratings by justification types --- p.47 / Blunt truth scenarios --- p.47 / Strategic speech scenarios --- p.47 / Adoption of justification by parenting styles --- p.48 / Justification: honesty --- p.48 / Justification: politeness --- p.48 / Justification: intimacy --- p.49 / Justification: consequence --- p.49 / Analysis of evaluative ratings by emotion perception of the speakers and the recipients --- p.49 / Blunt truth scenarios --- p.49 / Strategic speech scenarios --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 4 / Discussion --- p.50 / Overview --- p.50 / Conceptualization of blunt truth and manipulated speech --- p.50 / Valence of the Statements --- p.51 / Sensitivity of Contextual Factors - Recipient-related Variables --- p.52 / Blunt Truth Scenarios --- p.53 / Manipulated Speech Scenarios --- p.55 / Moral Values and Social-Conventional Rules --- p.56 / Parenting --- p.57 / Emotion Understanding --- p.59 / Contribution, Limitation and Future Research --- p.60 / Conclusion --- p.64

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Physical Education, Dance, and Leisure Studies.

Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. VIDEOCASSETTE IN ROTCH VISUAL COLLECTIONS. / Includes bibliographical references. / The following retraces the path of a director tracing the path of a muse from early Spring 1979 through January 1981. What resulted was a form of psychodrama enveloping the cast, crew, and director in the making of an autobiographical feature film, "The Flower of Pain." As the lessons of life are learned through one's mistakes, the enlarging of these mistakes and personal failings onto a cinema screen affords both the illumination of motivation and the expiation of the past. The cinema can no longer be a place one goes to in order to escape but rather, a place one goes to in order to find oneself; one enters the cinema for repairs. Similarly, there is inherent therapy in the creative process, and this must be imposed onto the viewer. One must be able to take a film home and use it. To the extent that this kind of filmmaking is a communal act, it requires the development of techniques and refinement of skills that encourage the actor to live concentrated in front of a camera, confident that his own personal experiences, his traumatisms and philosophy, coincide with the film's design. / John Henry Gianvito. / M.S.V.S.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

In negotiation it is important to claim the most value, but also to establish positive regard in the social relationship. It may be particularly difficult for women to meet both these instrumental and relational demands, as negative stereotypes about women convey that masculine qualities are more beneficial than feminine qualities in negotiation (Kray & Thompson, 2005). When stereotypes about individuals are made salient in evaluative contexts this can induce identity threat--the apprehension about being judged on the basis of stereotypes (Steele & Aronson, 1995). The current studies examine how identity threat affects speech communication processes, relational connection, and instrumental outcomes in negotiations. In particular, the studies examine how women and men use speech accommodation in negotiations, as nonconscious speech accommodation is associated with affiliation and feelings of social connection (Aguilar, Downey, Krauss, Pardo, & Bolger, 2011). In two studies I found that heightened gender-based identity threat affected speech accommodation in dyadic negotiations. Within same-gender dyads (Study 1) dispositional sensitivity to gender-based rejection in traditionally male settings (RS-gender) affected speech accommodation under identity threat (London, Romero-Canyas, Downey, Rattan & Tyson, 2011). Presumably, women higher in RS-gender, who are concerned about being judged on the basis of gender in social-evaluative situations, were in a heightened threat state when faced with an explicit reminder about gender stereotypes in negotiation. When gender identity threat was explicitly neutralized, there were no differences in actors' or partners' speech accommodation based on RS-gender. When explicitly exposed to gender identity threat, women higher in RS-gender in showed less speech accommodation, while women lower in RS-gender use more speech accommodation. Also, partners of women higher in RS-gender exhibited more speech accommodation than partners of women lower in RS-gender under threat. Within mixed-gender dyads (Study 2) when gender identity threat was explicitly neutralized, men accommodated marginally less than women; however when women were exposed explicitly to gender-based identity threat, males increased speech accommodation to female negotiation partners. Females did not show differential speech accommodation between the threat and no threat conditions, and specifically, did not reciprocate male partners' increased accommodation while under threat. Higher levels of speech accommodation were paralleled by higher levels of partner perceived social connection, although the links between speech accommodation and connection differed across same and mixed-gender dyads. Identity threat also influenced interpersonal impressions and undercut women's instrumental outcomes in mixed-gender dyads. I argue that identity threat can affect communication processes in ways that go unnoticed and may affect women's advancement in traditionally male domains such as negotiation.

Recent research on judgment and decision making emphasizes decision architecture, the task and contextual features of a decision setting that influence how preferences are constructed (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008). In a series of three papers, this dissertation considers architectural features related to the intertemporal structure of the decision setting that influence cognition, motivation, and emotion, and include modifications of (i) informational, (ii) experiential, (iii) procedural, and (iv) emotional environments. This research also identifies obstacles to decision making, whether that obstacle is an individual difference (e.g., age-related change in emotional processing) or a temporary state (e.g., a change in motivational focus, or sensitivity to irrelevant features of the decision setting). Papers 1 and 2 focus on decision architecture related to environmentally-relevant decisions, investigating how structural features of the decision task can trigger different choice processes and behavior. Paper 1 explores a potential mechanism behind constructed preferences relating to climate change belief and explores why these preferences are sensitive to normatively irrelevant features of the judgment context, such as transient outdoor temperature. Paper 2 examines new ways of emphasizing time and uncertainty with the aim of turning psychological obstacles into opportunities, accomplished by making legacy motives more salient to shift preferences from present-future and self-other trade-offs at the point of decision making. Paper 3 examines how the temporal horizon of a decision setting influences predicted future preferences within the domain of affective forecasting. In addition, Paper 3 explores how individual and situational differences might affect the match (or mismatch) between predicted and experienced outcomes by examining differences in forecasting biases among older versus younger adults. Taken together, these three papers aim to encourage individuals to make decisions that are not overshadowed by short-term goals or other constraints, with the aim of producing actionable modifications for policy-makers in the presentation of information relevant to such decisions.