Introduction: Individuals with short lower anterior facial height (LAFH), reduced mandibular plane angle, and excessive overbite resulting from upward and forward mandibular rotation are traditionally classified as skeletal deep bites. Our purpose was to explore phenotypic variation within short LAFH individuals using geometric morphometric methods. Methods: Cephalograms of 101 individuals (64 female, 37 male; age range: 7-62 years) with LAFH to total anterior facial height (TAFH), ratio (LAFH/TAFH), at or below 52.6% were studied. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and canonical variate analysis captured phenotypic variation and identified homogenous groups. Results: Four principal components were identified which accounted for 49% of the variation within the skeletal vertical and sagittal dimensions, flexure of the gonial angle, and incisor angulation. Cluster analysis resulted in 3 discrete short LAFH subpenotypes. Conclusions: Within the selected population of short LAFH individuals, we found: A range of morphologic variation. Convergent and divergent facial patterns with concomitant variation in gonial angle and ramus height. Anteriorly directed condylar morphology correlated with characteristics of extreme forward mandibular rotation; less anteriorly directed condylar morphology correlated with characteristics of backward mandibular rotation. Overbite magnitude is independent of vertical skeletal relationship and/or characteristics of forward mandibular rotation.

Humans are social animals and language serves the social function of communication among people. All cultures provide a way to communicate and this social aspect is a necessary component of language acquisition. Language, especially expressive communication, is one of the most important skills children develop during early childhood (Thompson, 2004). Communication skills are used to gather information, to grow cognitively, and to interact with others. Starting from a child’s first day of life, children are exposed to language. The development of language skills is an ongoing process and a significant accomplishment throughout a child’s life (Hoff, 2009). Any delays in language development tend to persist from childhood (Aram &Nation, 1980; Conti-Ramsden, Betting, Simkin, &Knox, 2001), into adolescence (e.g., Aram, Ekelman, &Nation, 1984; Johnson et al., 1999; Stothard, Snowling, Bishop, Chipcase, &Kaplan, 1998) and through adulthood (e.g., Hall &Tomblin, 1978). Additional problems may develop as a result of delayed language skills, such as: difficulties with early literacy (Nation &Snowling, 2000), school achievement (Harlaar, Hayiou-Thomas, Dale, &Plomin, 2008; Snowling, Adams, Bishop, &Stothard, 2001), behavioral skills (Spackman, Fujiki, &Brinton, 2006), and establishing relationships with friends and family (Conti-Ramsden, Durkin, Simkin, &Knox, 2009; Durkin &Conti-Ramsden, 2007). Children with language delays may also be at-risk for being victims of bullying (St Clair, Pickles, Durkin, &Conti-Ramsden, 2011). Early language experiences can improve or inhibit a child’s potential to develop a foundation for language skills. Because parents have primary roles in a child’s early environment, language intervention involving parents could be paramount. Few play-based parent-involved interventions for typically-developing children have targeted toddlers’ language production. Language interventions are typically implemented when problems have already arisen for young children. The current study evaluated the use of a play-based, parent-involved intervention, Child’s Game, on the language gains of typically-developing toddlers. Intervention effects of the Child’s Game have focused on child compliance and the parent-child relationship, not language production. The participants in this study included mothers and toddlers from low-income backgrounds. Other research has shown that gaps between children from different income backgrounds emerge around 18 months of age, are established by age 3, and continue into early elementary school (Hart &Risley, 1995; Walker, Greenwood, Hart, &Carta, 1994). Early interventions are needed to help close gaps and give equal opportunity to children regardless of their backgrounds. Home-based interventions may be able to create the most impact for children before they reach school age. The primary goal of the current study was to investigate the impact of an intervention on mothers’ language production on their toddlers’ language development. The study was carried out with a pretest, intervention phase, and then a posttest. Toddlers’ and mothers’ language production were assessed during playtime in the pretest and posttest. One hundred and fifty-five mother-child dyads were randomized to an intervention group or play-as-usual group. In the play-as-usual condition, mothers were asked to play with their child just as they would normally. The mothers in the intervention group were taught to engage in “Child’s Game” (Forehand &McMahon, 1981; McMahon &Forehand, 2003) with her child. Child’s Game taught mothers to use specific play and communication techniques in interacting with their child. This intervention was created to decrease problem behaviors and increase compliance in toddlers and preschoolers. However, it was hypothesized that the mothers’ language production would increase through the Child’s Game intervention; and therefore, their children’s language production would also increase. A subset of the children from both groups with the highest and lowest language production scores from the pre-test were further evaluated through transcription analyses for a more detailed examination of language skills. Findings from this study indicated that all of the children, regardless of group assignment, increased language production from pretest to posttest. Interestingly, the mothers, regardless of group, showed decreased language production from pretest to posttest. Overall, the play-based parent-involved intervention did not enhance toddler’s language production and skills. However, children with lower language production skills, regardless of group assignment, displayed more improvement in the areas of total utterances, number of different words, total number of words, type-token ratio, and percentage of intelligibility. Additionally, children with higher language production skills demonstrated more improvement in mean length of utterances.

Objectives: This study used three lasers (red, green and blue) with a spectrophotometer to compare the light propagation [Absorption (A), Transmittance (T), Attenuation (K) and Scattering Anisotropy Coefficient (g)] in dental tissues and nano filled resin based composite using three incremental build-up techniques: one shade (Body), two shades (Enamel and Dentin), and three shades (Enamel, Transparent and Dentin). Methods: Twenty un-erupted recently extracted human 3rd molars (shade: B1) were used to obtain 40 tooth slabs (1.5 mm thickness x 4 mm length). The samples were randomized and equally distributed into four experimental groups: Positive Control (Dental Tissues – enamel, dentino- enamel-junction and dentin), Technique 1 (T1 = 1 shade, B1B), Technique 2 (T2 = 2 shades, A2Dentin/B1Enamel), and Technique 3 (T3 = 3 shades, A2Dentin/Transparent/B1Enamel). One calibrated operator performed all procedures and tests. Cavity preparation was standardized using a #58 carbide bur. Using the spectrophotometer, each specimen was irradiated by the three LASERs. A Voltmeter recorded the light output signal and from this raw data the following optical constants were calculated: absorption (A), transmittance (T), attenuation coefficient (K) and Scattering Anisotropy Coefficient (g). The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Tukey's test. All tests utilized a significance level of 0.05. Results: Regarding absorption and transmittance, dental tissues were significantly different compared to the three build-up techniques for all lasers. Regarding the attenuation coefficient, dental tissues were not significantly different for T2 and T3 for the blue and red lasers, however they were significantly different for the green laser. There was no significant difference among the three lasers for T2 and T3. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, none of the build-up techniques used was able to reproduce the dental tissues optical properties and Technique 2 (2 shades) and Technique 3 (3 shades) resulted in a similar pattern of light propagation.

The Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) consists of sand, cement, crushed quartz, silica fume, superplasticizer, water and steel fibers, with water-to cement (w/c) ratio of 0.24 or lower. By omitting coarse aggregates in the mix, density and mechanical homogeneity can be maximized. Also, adding steel fibers increases durability by producing exceptionally high compressive and tensile strengths. As a result, a bridge using UHPC can be designed slimmer and longer with less amount of steel reinforcements than a conventional concrete bridge. UHPC developed by Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (K-UHPC) was used to build a bridge, named “Hawkeye”, in Buchanan County, Iowa. This paper describes the design and construction process of the Hawkeye bridge which is the first bridge using K-UHPC in the United States. A unique pi-girder design, which is similar to the design previously developed at MIT, was adopted for the Hawkeye Bridge. The Hawkeye Bridge was successfully constructed using K-UHPC, utilizing local cement, sand and ready-mix trucks. Precast pi-girders were made at the Buchanan County, 17 miles (27 km) from the bridge site. A total of six girders were transported to the bridge site and installed in one day. This project not only demonstrated easy field constructability of K-UHPC but also set a great example of Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC), which would minimize a traffic disruption.

This is the thesis of Keyla McClure analyzing her artistic process, growth as an artist, and future artistic goals. It includes an annotated performance history and bibliography of academic resources from her time at the University of Iowa.

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Introduction: Nasal septal deviation may contribute to facial asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between nasal septal deviation and facial asymmetry using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. Methods: Computed tomographic scans were made of n=55 adult subjects, and septal deviation was calculated as a percentage of septal volume relative to the volume of a modeled non-deviated septum. Skeletal landmarks representing nasal, palatal, and lateral facial regions were recorded, and landmark data was superimposed using Procrustes analysis. ANOVA/MANOVA tests determined degree of overall fluctuating and directional asymmetry. Finally, correlation analysis and multivariate regression were used to examine relationship between septal deviation and asymmetry of the individual facial regions. Results: Septal deviation was significantly correlation with lateral deviation of the nasal floor, vertical and lateral asymmetry of the anterior palate and width asymmetry of the posterior posterior palate and posterior alveolar thickness, but was uncorrelated with the overall magnitude of asymmetry. There was no correlation between septal deviation and lateral facial asymmetry. Conclusion: Nasal septal morphology is linked to nasal and palatal asymmetry. Deviated growth of the septum may pre-dispose patients to dental and skeletal asymmetries that have important orthodontic considerations.

As the reader, you have to imagine my pain and joy in sharing the complex simple motive behind the journey of living. It is a journey based in truth and spiritual progression. We risk our spirit and soul to reach beyond what we know of one another. We attempt to capture an essence of truth in a moment's time. It's a very big moment's time that lends itself to the viewer as infinity. For we, like the viewer, have much to learn and, perhaps, take in this journey. We bend time, place, and motive to find the ugliness of our species and the beauty of our world. With this "one-self", the collective, we search for our past, reveal our future, and capture our "beings" in a light called the stage. It is the essence of the living and dying.

The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is extensively used to produce recombinant proteins due to its high rate of expression. The major drawback of using this system is the early cell death (typically after 48-72 h post infection) that leads to decreased recombinant protein expression. Viral infection increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are believed to contribute to this early cell death. Baculoviruses contain a Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutate (CuZnSOD) homolog gene that inactivates cellular CuZnSOD activity in insect cells by ~48 h post infection. Specifically, the CuZnSOD homolog inactivates the CuZnSOD enzyme by binding the copper chaperone, thereby leading to increased oxidative stress and presumably more rapid cell death. CuZnSOD activity during Wt-AcMNPV infection decreased to 0 in about 48-60 h post infection. In this study the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) modified to overexpress human CuZnSOD and Copper chaperone cassette (CCS) and devoid of the viral CuZnSOD homolog showed lower infectivity compared to Wt- AcMNPV infection. Futhermore, the addition of H2O2 to induce oxidative stress increased the infectivity of the modified AcMNPV, thereby supporting the premise that a minimal level of oxidative stress is required for improved infection. Further investigations are required to determine if this modified virus would be a better expression vector then the conventionally used baculovirus vectors.

The two women presented in this paper have existed in print, in performance, and in people's minds for centuries. One, from India, is praised as the epitome of the honorable and devoted wife and mother. The other, from Greece, is commended as the noble and benevolent daughter. This paper, and the accompanying performative work, is a cross-cultural investigation of sacrificial women in literature using two women from two ancient mythologies: Sita from Valmiki's Ramayana and Iphigenia from Euripides' Iphigenia at Aulis. In various forms of literature and performance, Sita is presented as the role model of wifely duty. Iphigenia is praised as the sacrificial daughter by honoring her father, and her country, with her sacrifice. This work seeks to remain close to the original texts, while also re-shaping them to fit a modern argument.