This paper deals with the effect of the MR pulse sequences on the temperature of the measured object. The theoretical part is dedicated to basic principle of magnetic resonance, the selected pulse sequences and risks that are connected with MRI. There is also described the draft of the testing phantom and information about the measurement and record of temperature during MR measurement. In the experimental part the effect of RF coils, pulse sequences and parameters of pulse sequences are tested on drafted phantom with experimental MR device located at the Institut of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR in Brno. These findings are then tested on live laboratory mouse. All results are analyzed and used as default data for developed simulation program.

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e a construção de um gerador de pulsos de 8 canais, com interface para controle externo por microcomputador. O gerador possui 16 passos programáveis definindo a largura do pulso entre 200 ns e 10 segundos. Permite também a repetição automática de um intervalo selecionado. O microcomputador tem controle total do gerador de pulsos, incluindo programação de memórias e execução e interrupção de sequências de pulsos. Este gerador foi construído para ser usado em experiências de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Pulsada, no controle de portas de RF e sistema de detecção / This work describes the development and construction of a 8 channel pulse generator with interface for external microcomputer control. The generator has 16 programmable steps defining pulse widths between 200 nsec and 10 seconds, with 100 nsec resolution. Automatic repeat of a selected step range is also provided. The microcomputer has full control of the pulse generator including programing of memories, execution and interruption of pulse sequences. The generator was built to be used in Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance experiments to control the high Power RF gate and the detection system

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e a construção de um gerador de pulsos de 8 canais, com interface para controle externo por microcomputador. O gerador possui 16 passos programáveis definindo a largura do pulso entre 200 ns e 10 segundos. Permite também a repetição automática de um intervalo selecionado. O microcomputador tem controle total do gerador de pulsos, incluindo programação de memórias e execução e interrupção de sequências de pulsos. Este gerador foi construído para ser usado em experiências de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Pulsada, no controle de portas de RF e sistema de detecção / This work describes the development and construction of a 8 channel pulse generator with interface for external microcomputer control. The generator has 16 programmable steps defining pulse widths between 200 nsec and 10 seconds, with 100 nsec resolution. Automatic repeat of a selected step range is also provided. The microcomputer has full control of the pulse generator including programing of memories, execution and interruption of pulse sequences. The generator was built to be used in Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance experiments to control the high Power RF gate and the detection system

Os tempos de relaxação longitudinal (T1) e transversal (T2) são largamente utilizados em medidas qualitativas e quantitativas em Ressonância Magnética Nuclear no domínio do tempo (RMN-DT). As constantes de tempo T2 e T1 são medidas com as sequências de pulsos Carr-Purcel-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) e Inversão Recuperação (IR), respectivamente. Além dessas sequencias, também têm sido desenvolvidos outros métodos que permitem a medição de T1 e T2 em um único experimento. Dentre esses, destacam-se os provenientes da condição Continuous Wave Free Precession: CWFP e CP-CWFP (Carr-Purcel-CWFP) com ou sem alternância de fase entre os pulsos que compõe o trem de pulsos de 90º desses métodos. Baseando-se no fato de que os métodos provenientes da condição CWFP têm sido promissores para a determinação das constantes de tempo de uma forma rápida, esse trabalho visou aprofundar o estudo das sequências de pulsos oriundas dessa condição a fim de desenvolver um método de determinação rápida da constante de tempo T1 em um único experimento e também implementar a condição CWFP em sequências de pulsos 2D (2D-CWFP). Utilizando-se de pulso de baixo ângulo de rotação (θ ~10 graus) foi possível determinar a constante de tempo T1 utilizando a condição CWFP, esse método foi denominado de CWFP-T1. Contudo, este apresentou um sinal com baixa razão sinal ruído (S/R) devido aos baixos valores de q. Para minimizar esse efeito foram estudados cinco métodos de redução de ruído que podem ser aplicados em sinais de RMN-DT após a aquisição, sendo que, dentre os métodos estudados foi comprovado que os filtros wavelet (WA) e o Savistiky-Goaly (SG) são os mais eficazes para redução do ruído sem distorcer as informações da amostra. Além disso, o sinal obtido pelo método CWFP-T1 associado ao filtro WA demonstrou ser eficiente para determinação de gordura em carne bovina. Dentre os métodos 2D-CWFP desenvolvidos neste trabalho, o CPMG-CWFP-T1 apresentou vantagem em tempo de experimento sobre o método IR-CPMG. Além disso, o sinal adquirido pelo método CPMG-CWFP-T1 quando associado ao filtro SG propiciou a obtenção de mapas com melhor resolução na dimensão de T1, que as outras sequências de pulsos abordadas neste estudo, e também demonstrou ser um método promissor para a análise da carne e gordura bovina. Esta foi a primeira vez em que a constante de tempo T1 foi utilizada como dimensão de aquisição de uma forma conveniente em experimento 2D de correlação dos tempos de relaxação, visto que aquisições dessa natureza geralmente requerem longos tempos de experimento. / The longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times are widely used in the qualitative and quantitative measurements in time domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR). Those relaxation times are generally measured by the Carr-Purcel-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) and Inversion Recovery (IR) pulse sequences, respectively. In addition to these sequences, other methods have been development, which makes it possible to measure T1 and T2 in a single experiment. Among these, a special reference is made those ones coming from the Continuous Wave Free Precession condition: CWFP and CP-CWFP (Carr-Purcel-CWFP) with or without phase alternation between the pulses that make up the pulse train of 90º of these methods. Based on the fact that the methods from the CWFP condition have been promising to determine the time constants fast, the purpose of this work was to deepen the study of the sequences from that condition in order to develop a rapid method to determine the T1 relaxation time in a single experiment, and also to implement the CWFP condition in 2D sequences (2D-CWFP). Using a small flip angle (θ ~10 degrees) it was possible to determine the T1 relaxation time using the CWFP condition; this method was named CWFP-T1­. Nevertheless, this sequence has a signal with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because of the small values of q. In order to minimize this effect was studied five denoise methods to applied in the post-acquisition TD-NMR signals. Among the denoise methods studied, the wavelet (WA) and the Savistiky-Goaly (SG) are the most effective to reduce the noise of the signal without distorting the sample information. In addition, the CWFP-T1 signal associated to the WA has shown to be effective for determining the fat in beef samples. Among the 2D-CWFP methods developed in this work, the CPMG-CWFP-T1 had advantage in the experimental time compared with the IR-CPMG method. Furthermore, the signal acquired by CPMG-CWFP-T1 sequence, when associated with the SG filter, had 2D maps with the best resolution in the T1 dimension than the other sequences addressed in this work and also proved to be effective to analyze fat beef. This was the first time that T1 time constant was encoded in the acquisition dimension at a convenient way in the 2D experiments of relaxation times correlation, once such acquisitions generally require extensive experimental time.

This thesis deals with optimization of MRI measuring of phantoms containing the chicken embryo. The theoretical part of thesis is dedicated to the MRI fundamentals and description of pulse sequences. In the next part the options of keeping and monitoring the temperature are being discussed. The thesis also deals with design and realization of phantoms which are used for measuring. A browser of images captured by MRI was programmed in Matlab environment. The program allows users to look through the images with different settings of pulses sequences or kind of phantom. The final part of thesis describes the anatomical structures of chicken embryo and discussion of collected results.

No description available.

Magnetic resonance imaging is a routine and powerful diagnostic technique capable of providing detailed information about the structure and composition of the tissues. This diploma thesis is concerned with the mechanisms of contrast origin and contrast modifications by molecular and nanoparticle contrast agents. First sections of the thesis summarize basic knowledge about pulse sequences and it aims to provide an overview on MRI contrast agent with a special emphasis on paramagnetic gadolinium contrast agents and superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The main purpose of this study is to develop the software called MRICalc, which is able to optimize contrast in MRI images. Based on analysis of signal formula of typical pulse sequences, MRICalc is able to propose the parameters of the pulse sequence for compartment-specific enhancement of the contrast. User chooses from the list of the samples and after calculation he obtains the values of echo time, repetition time and flip angle, all of which simultaneously seem to create the appropriate setting to enhance the contrast. MRICalc also allows to plot contrast function with respect to the chosen parameter. Software, including its graphical user interface, is designed in Python. The sample consists from solution of CuSO4 and distilled water was designed to verify the correct function of MRICalc. Sulphate represents a contrast agent. Preclinical MR system Bruker BioSpec 94/30 USR located at Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR, v.v.i was used to measure contrast curve of FLASH pulse sequence, which is a typical representative of gradient echo. Results of the measurement were compared to the theoretical model provided by MRICalc.

In my master’s thesis I describe basics of magnetic resonance measurement. I focus on methods of DCE-MRI with T1 weighting image. I mention some basic contrast agents which are used in MRI imaging. I describe some of pulse sequences which are used in experimental part of my thesis. There I measure contrast in the sample. The measurement is performed in accordance with an acquisition protocol I have proposed. The experiment part was realized on 1.5 T magnet at Masaryk Oncological Institute in Brno. I improved software which is use to research of MR IR TurboFLASH’s data and made software which is use to evaluation perfuse analysis ours measured sequences. At the end I made a discussion about gained facts.