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Demand side management on an intricate multi-shaft pumping system from a single point of control / Shane TheinThein, Shane January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Demand side management on an intricate multi-shaft pumping system from a single point of control / Shane TheinThein, Shane January 2007 (has links)
Eskom, the sole supplier of electricity in South Africa is facing an energy crisis. This
is due to the steady increase in demand for electricity in South Africa. Low electricity
prices in South Africa have helped the energy intensive industries of South Africa to
be more competitive. Unfortunately this has resulted in poor energy efficiency
practices and has hampered incentives to save energy.
To address this problem, Eskom initiated a Demand Side Management (DSM)
programme. DSM is beneficial to both Eskom and the client. However, due to the
high cost of implementing such projects, it is feasible to implement it only on sites
where the load shift potential is high enough for Eskom to benefit. The mining
industry has been targeted for DSM programmes. This is due to the existence of a
large mining sector in South Africa and to its energy intensive nature.
Most mining operations require large amounts of water which is used to cool the
underground environment and so ensure productivity and the safety of the workers.
Due to the large amounts of water needed for mining, the electricity usage of these
pumping systems is very high. If the use of this electricity can be optimised by
implementing DSM principles, this will result in the long term savings of costs for the
mines involved.
The majority of pumping systems found on mines are single shaft systems.
Individually these systems have a very high DSM potential. However, if multiple
shaft systems can be used for DSM, the benefits will be far greater. Furthermore,
combining several sites with an interconnected water pumping system will increase
the potential for DSM and enable sites where individually the potential is too low to
be feasible for a DSM project to raise their potential. This will result in more sites
where DSM projects can be implemented and more clients who can benefit from the
DSM programme.
The purpose of this study is to investigate and implement a DSM project on an
intricate multi-shaft mine pumping system which will be controlled from a single
point. The project required a detailed investigation of the pumping systems on each
shaft and how the water system is interlinked between the shafts. This project was
carried out on Beatrix Mine Shafts 1, 2 and 3. The pumping systems were analysed
and simulated according to the specific constraints and requirements that were
specified by the mine.
During the investigation and implementation of this project, possible efficiency
improvements on certain pump stations were discovered and implemented. The
improvements enabled both an increase in water flow to the surface and a decrease in
power consumption. Due to this load reduction, the savings achieved were higher than
those found in most load shifting projects.
Moreover, additional infrastructures were installed to ensure communication between
pumping systems. Once the simulation and optimisation of the control system was
completed, the pumping system network was automated. The load shift resulted in a ±
3.5 MW shift in the morning peak demand period and a ± 6.0 MW shift in the evening
peak demand period.
This load shift has resulted in an average cost saving of R 80 000 per month during
summer tariff period, and R 300 000 per month during winter tariff period. This
saving result was calculated by taking load reduction into account. This project has shown that a DSM project can be implemented successfully, given the necessary
historical data and expertise, on a pumping system that is interconnected between
multiple shafts. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Demand side management on an intricate multi-shaft pumping system from a single point of control / Shane TheinThein, Shane January 2007 (has links)
Eskom, the sole supplier of electricity in South Africa is facing an energy crisis. This
is due to the steady increase in demand for electricity in South Africa. Low electricity
prices in South Africa have helped the energy intensive industries of South Africa to
be more competitive. Unfortunately this has resulted in poor energy efficiency
practices and has hampered incentives to save energy.
To address this problem, Eskom initiated a Demand Side Management (DSM)
programme. DSM is beneficial to both Eskom and the client. However, due to the
high cost of implementing such projects, it is feasible to implement it only on sites
where the load shift potential is high enough for Eskom to benefit. The mining
industry has been targeted for DSM programmes. This is due to the existence of a
large mining sector in South Africa and to its energy intensive nature.
Most mining operations require large amounts of water which is used to cool the
underground environment and so ensure productivity and the safety of the workers.
Due to the large amounts of water needed for mining, the electricity usage of these
pumping systems is very high. If the use of this electricity can be optimised by
implementing DSM principles, this will result in the long term savings of costs for the
mines involved.
The majority of pumping systems found on mines are single shaft systems.
Individually these systems have a very high DSM potential. However, if multiple
shaft systems can be used for DSM, the benefits will be far greater. Furthermore,
combining several sites with an interconnected water pumping system will increase
the potential for DSM and enable sites where individually the potential is too low to
be feasible for a DSM project to raise their potential. This will result in more sites
where DSM projects can be implemented and more clients who can benefit from the
DSM programme.
The purpose of this study is to investigate and implement a DSM project on an
intricate multi-shaft mine pumping system which will be controlled from a single
point. The project required a detailed investigation of the pumping systems on each
shaft and how the water system is interlinked between the shafts. This project was
carried out on Beatrix Mine Shafts 1, 2 and 3. The pumping systems were analysed
and simulated according to the specific constraints and requirements that were
specified by the mine.
During the investigation and implementation of this project, possible efficiency
improvements on certain pump stations were discovered and implemented. The
improvements enabled both an increase in water flow to the surface and a decrease in
power consumption. Due to this load reduction, the savings achieved were higher than
those found in most load shifting projects.
Moreover, additional infrastructures were installed to ensure communication between
pumping systems. Once the simulation and optimisation of the control system was
completed, the pumping system network was automated. The load shift resulted in a ±
3.5 MW shift in the morning peak demand period and a ± 6.0 MW shift in the evening
peak demand period.
This load shift has resulted in an average cost saving of R 80 000 per month during
summer tariff period, and R 300 000 per month during winter tariff period. This
saving result was calculated by taking load reduction into account. This project has shown that a DSM project can be implemented successfully, given the necessary
historical data and expertise, on a pumping system that is interconnected between
multiple shafts. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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A new approach to ensure successful implementation and sustainable DSM in RSA mines / Daniël Francois le RouxLe Roux, Daniël Francois January 2005 (has links)
In this study a new tool was developed that made new approaches possible for the successful
implementation of Demand Side Management (DSM) projects. The new approaches are
incorporated into a generic tool that makes it possible for Energy Services Companies (ESCos) to undertake DSM projects that were previously not possible with currently available technology.
Through these new approaches, maximum results can be obtained on a sustainable basis on the
clear water pumping systems of South African mines.
The author was responsible and participated in four different investigations and implementations of
DSM projects. These were grouped into three case studies. Each of these studies required different
new innovations.
The innovations described in this thesis include the adaptation of the Real-time Energy
Management System (REMS) that was developed and marketed by HVAC International, to mines
with intricate pumping systems, mines without any instrumentation and control infrastructure, as
well as to mines that make use of a Three Pipe Water Pumping System.
The tool developed and applied in these projects was part of Eskom's DSM programme. In this
programme, large electricity clients who wish to shift electrical load out of peak periods, are
assisted by having the total costs of such projects funded by Eskom. The fact that the clients will
most likely enjoy substantial electricity cost savings, (by not having to pay the high peak prices), is
a major attraction of this programme. Nevertheless, the programme is not moving as fast as it
should.
The National Energy Regulator (NER) has set an annual target of 153 MW load to be shifted since
2003. By the end of 2005, the accumulated target load to be shifted will be 459 MW. However,
Eskom has indicated that an accumulated total of only 181 MW load will have been shifted by the
end of 2005. This means that the Eskom DSM programme has actually only achieved 39% of its
target.
The innovations described in this thesis will help ESCos to address this shortfall more effectively / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006
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Research into real-time energy management on old gold mines / N.L. de LangeDe Lange, Nico Louis January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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A new approach to ensure successful implementation and sustainable DSM in RSA mines / D.F. le RouxLe Roux, Daniël Francois January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Researching the long-term impact of load management projects on South African mines / N.C.J.M. de KockDe Kock, Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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8 |
A new approach to ensure successful implementation and sustainable DSM in RSA mines / Daniël Francois le RouxLe Roux, Daniël Francois January 2005 (has links)
In this study a new tool was developed that made new approaches possible for the successful
implementation of Demand Side Management (DSM) projects. The new approaches are
incorporated into a generic tool that makes it possible for Energy Services Companies (ESCos) to undertake DSM projects that were previously not possible with currently available technology.
Through these new approaches, maximum results can be obtained on a sustainable basis on the
clear water pumping systems of South African mines.
The author was responsible and participated in four different investigations and implementations of
DSM projects. These were grouped into three case studies. Each of these studies required different
new innovations.
The innovations described in this thesis include the adaptation of the Real-time Energy
Management System (REMS) that was developed and marketed by HVAC International, to mines
with intricate pumping systems, mines without any instrumentation and control infrastructure, as
well as to mines that make use of a Three Pipe Water Pumping System.
The tool developed and applied in these projects was part of Eskom's DSM programme. In this
programme, large electricity clients who wish to shift electrical load out of peak periods, are
assisted by having the total costs of such projects funded by Eskom. The fact that the clients will
most likely enjoy substantial electricity cost savings, (by not having to pay the high peak prices), is
a major attraction of this programme. Nevertheless, the programme is not moving as fast as it
should.
The National Energy Regulator (NER) has set an annual target of 153 MW load to be shifted since
2003. By the end of 2005, the accumulated target load to be shifted will be 459 MW. However,
Eskom has indicated that an accumulated total of only 181 MW load will have been shifted by the
end of 2005. This means that the Eskom DSM programme has actually only achieved 39% of its
target.
The innovations described in this thesis will help ESCos to address this shortfall more effectively / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006
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Researching the long-term impact of load management projects on South African mines / Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus de KockDe Kock, Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus January 2006 (has links)
Eskom is currently facing an energy crisis due to the limited operational electricity generating
capacity in South Africa. The historically low electricity price, the rapid growth in economy
and the energy intensive nature of South African industries are the most common reasons for
the peak supply problem.
Various supply and demand technologies have been identified to address this energy crisis.
Due to the lengthy process of building new peaking load power stations, Eskom has initiated
the Demand-side Management (DSM) programme as a solution to the short-term supply
problem.
The National Energy Regulator (NER) has set targets to Eskom DSM to reduce the evening
peak demand by 153 MW per annum and 4 255 MW over a 20-year planning horizon. Due to
the energy intensive nature of the mining industry, it has been targeted for DSM savings. To
date there have been a number of DSM projects implemented on the clear-water pumping
systems of various mines, with a large potential for DSM savings identified on future projects
still unrealised.
The generation benefit of DSM load-shifting projects is twofold; firstly Eskom's evening load
capacity increases due to the reduction in demand during these periods and secondly, the
mine receives electricity cost savings due to load management practices. Because Eskom
DSM is dependent on the client consumer to accept and roll-out the DSM programme, client
satisfaction is of paramount importance. Due to the fact that load-shifting efforts require from
the mine to change their normal operating schedules, there is uncertainty on the impact and
knock-on effects of DSM projects on a mine.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and thereafter quantify the overall
impact of DSM load-shifting on the clear-water pumping system of South African mines. A
generic model was developed by performing case studies on existing DSM projects. This
model was then applied to future DSM projects to validate the findings made throughout the
research study.
The case studies performed on existing DSM projects, as well as the results obtained when
modelling the overall impact of DSM on future mines, proofs that DSM definitely benefits a
mine. The total annual cost saving on the four future DSM projects is predicted to be in the
order of R 7.64 million instead of the R 4.27 million when considering only the electricity cost
savings to the mine. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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10 |
Researching the long-term impact of load management projects on South African mines / Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus de KockDe Kock, Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus January 2006 (has links)
Eskom is currently facing an energy crisis due to the limited operational electricity generating
capacity in South Africa. The historically low electricity price, the rapid growth in economy
and the energy intensive nature of South African industries are the most common reasons for
the peak supply problem.
Various supply and demand technologies have been identified to address this energy crisis.
Due to the lengthy process of building new peaking load power stations, Eskom has initiated
the Demand-side Management (DSM) programme as a solution to the short-term supply
problem.
The National Energy Regulator (NER) has set targets to Eskom DSM to reduce the evening
peak demand by 153 MW per annum and 4 255 MW over a 20-year planning horizon. Due to
the energy intensive nature of the mining industry, it has been targeted for DSM savings. To
date there have been a number of DSM projects implemented on the clear-water pumping
systems of various mines, with a large potential for DSM savings identified on future projects
still unrealised.
The generation benefit of DSM load-shifting projects is twofold; firstly Eskom's evening load
capacity increases due to the reduction in demand during these periods and secondly, the
mine receives electricity cost savings due to load management practices. Because Eskom
DSM is dependent on the client consumer to accept and roll-out the DSM programme, client
satisfaction is of paramount importance. Due to the fact that load-shifting efforts require from
the mine to change their normal operating schedules, there is uncertainty on the impact and
knock-on effects of DSM projects on a mine.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and thereafter quantify the overall
impact of DSM load-shifting on the clear-water pumping system of South African mines. A
generic model was developed by performing case studies on existing DSM projects. This
model was then applied to future DSM projects to validate the findings made throughout the
research study.
The case studies performed on existing DSM projects, as well as the results obtained when
modelling the overall impact of DSM on future mines, proofs that DSM definitely benefits a
mine. The total annual cost saving on the four future DSM projects is predicted to be in the
order of R 7.64 million instead of the R 4.27 million when considering only the electricity cost
savings to the mine. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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