Thesis (M. Sc.)--Acadia University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-93). Also available on the Internet via teh World Wide Web.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Acadia University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-93). Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

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The objective of my work was to evaluate the efficiency of a native species of predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) within IPM and organic hop growing and to find out if hop protection against T. urticae with the help of T. pyri can replace conventional hop protection based on miticides and if it can be profitable. The trials were carried out since 2011 till 2015 in three hop gardens at a research farm Stekník, which belongs to Hop Research Institute in Žatec (Saaz). The first experimental hop garden, where IPM is practiced, is called Černice I. The other one BIO is, as the name says, under organic regime. The third one called Kaplička (Little Chapel) I., served as a reference one because hop is grown there under a common conventional system with the use of miticides to control T. urticae. In regular intervals since the time when the first spider mites were observed at hop leaves till the harvest fifty leaves were sampled (17 from lower, 17 from middle and 16 from upper parts of hop plants) in the hop garden with IPM regime and in the organic hop garden. Population densities of eggs, mobile stages of T. urticae and T. pyri were assessed together with nymphs of predatory Thrips of the genus Aeolothrips, which occurred there naturally as the dominant native acarophagous predators. The results were statistically evaluated with the help of correlation analyses and t-test for independent groups. Efficiency of T. pyri and economical comparison with chemical protection were made as well. It is possible to conclude that after release of predatory mites and under using of selective pesticides the biodiversity is higher. Hop protection against two-spotted spider mite with the help of T. pyri can be profitable and it can replace chemical protection against this dangerous pest for many years. T. pyri is commonly more efficient if population density of T. urticae is lower. The tightest dependence at the level of 90% was statistically confirmed between occurrence of T. urticae eggs and its mobile stages. Statistically important difference was found out between the two different types of hop growing in the most of the cases.

Le feu bactérien et le psylle causent d’importantes pertes économiques dans les zones de production du poirier dans le monde entier. Le développement de nouvelles variétés de poirier résistantes à ces bio-agresseurs constitue un enjeu majeur dans le cadre d’un programme de lutte intégrée. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse est l'étude du déterminisme génétique de la résistance vis-à-vis de ces deux bio-agresseurs. La thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d’une collaboration internationale entre Fondazione Edmund Mach (Italie), Institut de Recherches en Horticulture et Semences (France) et Plant & Food Research (Nouvelle-Zélande). Une descendance interspécifique de poirier T003 x ‘Moonglow’ a été développée avec pour objectif de cumuler les résistances au feu bactérien et au psylle provenant de variétés asiatiques et européennes de Pyrus. Deux cartes génétiques ont été élaborées pour T003 et ‘Moonglow’ sur la base de marqueurs SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) et SSR (microsatellite), et la cartographie de QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) a permis de démontrer le déterminisme polygénique de la résistance à ces bio-agresseurs. Une sélection assistée par marqueurs (MAS) peut donc être engagée pour ces deux caractères. Des incompatibilités génétiques ont aussi été observées dans une partie de la descendance, ce qui a permis de cartographier pour la première fois chez le poirier les zones du génome liées au phénomène de « nécrose hybride ». Le développement de marqueurs liés aux gènes létaux devrait permettre aux sélectionneurs d’éviter les combinaisons incompatibles en croisement qui peuvent impacter certains caractères agronomiques co-ségrégant avec ces gènes létaux. / The goal of this PhD project was to study the genetic architecture of pear resistance to two of its most significant diseases and pests, fire blight and psylla, which cause severe yield losses in all the main pear production regions worldwide. The development of new pear varieties with resistance against these two biotic stresses is of major interest for Integrated Pest Management. This project was designed in a joint collaboration among Fondazione Edmund Mach (Italy), Institut de Recherches en Horticulture et Semences (France) and Plant & Food Research (New-Zealand). The interspecific pear F1 progeny T003 x ‘Moonglow’ was developed with the purpose of cumulating resistances to fire blight and psylla deriving from Asian and European pear cultivars. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genetic maps were built for T003 and ‘Moonglow’. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) were detected for the resistances, demonstrating their polygenic nature. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) can now be applied for these two traits. Furthermore, the segregating population exhibited genetic incompatibilities, and the genomic regions associated with hybrid necrosis were mapped for the first time in pear. Development of molecular markers linked to the lethal genes should allow breeders to avoid crosses leading to incompatible combinations that could affect the expression of important agronomic traits co-segregating with these genes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of image analysis for studying mite behaviour. Image analysis was used to convert video recordings of mites' locomotory behaviour into a series of x,y coordinates that, when joined, closely resemble the paths of mites. The coordinates were also used to calculate walking speed, direction of travel, turning frequency, turn bias and tortuosity. Two experimental arenas were developed and used to study the movement of three mite species: 1) a leaf disc arena for two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); and 2), a cover-slip/tack-trap arena for Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten. Two-spotted spider mite exhibited a change in locomotory behaviour through a 48 minute period. Mites exhibited a significant decline in distance travelled, whereas the mean stationary time (per four minute interval) more than doubled, and the duration of stationary events increased steadily over the same period. A reduction in sampling frequency of mite coordinates from one per second to one every two seconds and every four seconds produced a 5% and 12% 'loss' in path length respectively. Sample period length was shown to greatly influence the results produced for some of the mean parameters calculated, however, a reduction in sample length from 3000 to 1500 coordinates was not considered to cause a major loss in information. The influence of the inherent mite movement could not be ignored and made it difficult to make decisions on the 'best' sample length to use. Some strong correlations were found between parameters used to analyse mite locomotory behaviour. In particular, arithmetic mean vector length, speed, total stationary time and total distance travelled were significantly correlated with each other. Mean angular deviation and weighted mean vector length, which both measure the degree of clustering around the mean heading angle, were strongly negatively correlated. Parameters which differentiated between 'straight' and 'tortuous' mite movement were found to be mean meander, absolute mean turn and fractal dimensions. Mean meander was thought to be the most 'powerful', while coefficient of a straight line, a commonly used parameter for measuring tortuosity, did not significantly differentiate between the two different behaviours. Frequency distributions of turns and standard deviations of the three mite species were very similar. All three species had a slight bias to turning right (clockwise) rather than to the left (counter-clockwise) and for each species certain angles occurred more often than would be expected in a 'perfect' normal distribution. A similar pattern also occurred with the frequency distribution of two-spotted spider mite heading angles, in that angles which were expected to occur more often, did not, and vice versa. The potential to use saturated salt solutions to control relative humidity on the arena was` demonstrated and indicated that relative humidity is likely to have an important influence on mite behaviour. Two-spotted spider mites appeared to move more quickly in an attempt to escape the unfavourable, extreme (10% and 95% R.H. at 25°C) moisture conditions. All three mite species displayed a characteristic edge-walking behaviour around the arenas. However, when 'edge' and 'non-edge' behaviours were compared, mean meander was the only parameter (of the parameters tested) which gave a significant difference. Behavioural responses of European red mite and T. pyri to sub-lethal (field rate) esfenvalerate were investigated and the results indicated that these mites did not seek the unsprayed halves of the arenas during the first 48 minutes. However, significant differences in most behavioural parameters to esfenvalerate residues were found with European red mite when whole arenas were compared. Image analysis is an extremely useful research tool for studying mite behaviour because of its ability to measure many parameters quickly. Careful choice of the environmental conditions, the sampling framework, and interpretation of data is essential for meaningful results.

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of image analysis for studying mite behaviour. Image analysis was used to convert video recordings of mites' locomotory behaviour into a series of x,y coordinates that, when joined, closely resemble the paths of mites. The coordinates were also used to calculate walking speed, direction of travel, turning frequency, turn bias and tortuosity. Two experimental arenas were developed and used to study the movement of three mite species: 1) a leaf disc arena for two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); and 2), a cover-slip/tack-trap arena for Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten. Two-spotted spider mite exhibited a change in locomotory behaviour through a 48 minute period. Mites exhibited a significant decline in distance travelled, whereas the mean stationary time (per four minute interval) more than doubled, and the duration of stationary events increased steadily over the same period. A reduction in sampling frequency of mite coordinates from one per second to one every two seconds and every four seconds produced a 5% and 12% 'loss' in path length respectively. Sample period length was shown to greatly influence the results produced for some of the mean parameters calculated, however, a reduction in sample length from 3000 to 1500 coordinates was not considered to cause a major loss in information. The influence of the inherent mite movement could not be ignored and made it difficult to make decisions on the 'best' sample length to use. Some strong correlations were found between parameters used to analyse mite locomotory behaviour. In particular, arithmetic mean vector length, speed, total stationary time and total distance travelled were significantly correlated with each other. Mean angular deviation and weighted mean vector length, which both measure the degree of clustering around the mean heading angle, were strongly negatively correlated. Parameters which differentiated between 'straight' and 'tortuous' mite movement were found to be mean meander, absolute mean turn and fractal dimensions. Mean meander was thought to be the most 'powerful', while coefficient of a straight line, a commonly used parameter for measuring tortuosity, did not significantly differentiate between the two different behaviours. Frequency distributions of turns and standard deviations of the three mite species were very similar. All three species had a slight bias to turning right (clockwise) rather than to the left (counter-clockwise) and for each species certain angles occurred more often than would be expected in a 'perfect' normal distribution. A similar pattern also occurred with the frequency distribution of two-spotted spider mite heading angles, in that angles which were expected to occur more often, did not, and vice versa. The potential to use saturated salt solutions to control relative humidity on the arena was` demonstrated and indicated that relative humidity is likely to have an important influence on mite behaviour. Two-spotted spider mites appeared to move more quickly in an attempt to escape the unfavourable, extreme (10% and 95% R.H. at 25°C) moisture conditions. All three mite species displayed a characteristic edge-walking behaviour around the arenas. However, when 'edge' and 'non-edge' behaviours were compared, mean meander was the only parameter (of the parameters tested) which gave a significant difference. Behavioural responses of European red mite and T. pyri to sub-lethal (field rate) esfenvalerate were investigated and the results indicated that these mites did not seek the unsprayed halves of the arenas during the first 48 minutes. However, significant differences in most behavioural parameters to esfenvalerate residues were found with European red mite when whole arenas were compared. Image analysis is an extremely useful research tool for studying mite behaviour because of its ability to measure many parameters quickly. Careful choice of the environmental conditions, the sampling framework, and interpretation of data is essential for meaningful results.