<p> The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Dot Counting Test as a measure of feigned cognitive performance. Archival neuropsychological test data from a &ldquo;real world&rdquo; sample of 147 credible and 328 non-credible patients were compared. The Dot Counting Test E-score cutoff of &ge; 17 continued to show excellent specificity (93%). However, sensitivity dropped from approximately 74% documented in 2002 to 51% in the current sample. When the cutoff was lowered to &ge; 15, adequate specificity was maintained (90%) and sensitivity rose to (61%). However, a third of credible patients with borderline IQ failed the test using the Dot Counting Test E-cutoff score, indicating cautious use of the test with individuals who likely have borderline intelligence.</p><p>

In certain neuro-degenerative diseases likemultiple sclerosis (MS), the rate of brain atrophy can be measured by monitoring the brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) in such patients. The BPF is defined as the ratio of brain parenchymal volume (BPV, defined as the total volume of gray matter tissue, white matter tissue and other unidentified tissue) and intracranial volume (ICV, the total volume of the skull). It can be represented by the formula in equation 1: <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csmall%20BPF%20=%20%5Cfrac%20%7BPBV%7D%7BICV%7D%20%5C;%20%5C;%20%5C;%20%5C;%20(1)" /> A complication with this measure is that the BPF is affected by the presence of edema in the brain, which leads to swelling and hence may obscure the true rate of brain atrophy. This leads to uncertainty when establishing “normal values” of BPF when analyzing different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the same patient. Another problem is that different MRI scans of the same patient cannot be compared directly, due to the fact that the head of the patient will be in a different position for every scan. The SyMRI software used in this master thesis has the functionality to perform brain tissue characterization and measurement of brain volume, given a number of MR images of a patient. Using tissue properties such as longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2) and proton density (PD), each voxel in a volume can be classified to belong to a certain tissue type. From these measurements, the intracranial volume, brain volume, white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid volumes can easily be estimated. In this master thesis, the BPF of several patients were analyzed based on quantitative MRI (qMRI) images, in order to identify the change of BPF due to the presence of edema over time. Volumes obtained from the same patients at different time points were aligned (registered), such that the BPF can be easily compared between years. A correlation analysis between the BPF and R1, R2 and PD was performed (R1 is the longitudinal relaxation rate defined as 1/T1 relaxation time and R2 Is transverse relaxation rate defined as 1/T2 relaxation time) to investigate if any of these variables can explain the change in BPF. The results show that due to image registration, and removing some of the slices from the top and bottom of the head, the BPF of the patients was corrected to a certain extent. The change in the mean BPF of each patient over four years was less than 1% post registration and slice removal. However, the decrease in standard deviation was between 6.9% to 52% after registration and removing of slices. The BPF of the follow-up years also came closer to the initial BPF value measured in the first year. The statistical analysis of the BPF and R1, R2 and PD, showed a very low correlation (0.1) between BPF and PD, and intermediate correlations between BPF and R1, R2 (0.385 and -0.51, respectively). Future work will focus on understanding how these results relate to edema.

This thesis is a study of the development of new methods for the quantitative determinations of bismuth and amines.

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An individual may internalize their role as a police officer which may affect identity when that role is changed at retirement. The purpose of this study was to measure the identity role effects of former police personnel who have transitioned from a police department to civilian life. Past research has indicated identity change with role transition. Social identity theory addressed individuals who categorize, identify, and compare themselves as part of a group. Role theory addressed behavior based on social membership, which may change when roles are transitioned. Adjustment regarding a voluntarily verses a forced early retirement from a police department was measured, along with continuation of work after retirement versus not continuing to work after retirement. Also, adjustment of retired police officers who continue employment in a police- related field versus a non-police-related field was measured along with length of retirement. A sample of 204 retired police personnel was recruited and participants completed a questionnaire. Data were analyzed to address the research questions using independent sample t-tests and one- way ANOVAs to determine relationships between variables. Results indicated that police officers are significantly better adjusted to a voluntary retirement versus a forced retirement from a police department, as p < .05. No difference in adjustment regarding continuation of employment after retirement from a police department, continued employment in a police-related or non-police-related field, or length of retirement of police officers was found. This study may potentially benefit communities in understanding that police departments could aid retired police officers with identity well-being in retirement.

Urban middle school students experience poor self-efficacy and poor attitudes toward school climates after being retained. Previous research has indicated that grade-level retention in primary and secondary education might cause long-term achievement gaps, school failure, and high school dropout rates. However, current research has yet to examine relationships between archival data retrieved on retained middle school students' achievement outcomes and perceptions of school climate. The purpose of this nonexperimental, quantitative study was to assess the relationships between retained middle school students' self-efficacy as measured by the School Climate Survey and their performance outcomes as measured by PowerSchool®. Bandura's theory of self-efficacy maintains that an individual must have the belief, motivation, determination, and drive to persevere when challenged. The archival data were collected from 1 northeastern urban middle school in the United States representing underachieving participants (N = 45) enrolled in the Postive Academic and Behavioral Support Program during the academic school years of 2017 and 2018. Population groups of female and male students ranged in age between 11-14 years old. A repeated measure design analyzed the same participants over a 6-month period by measuring archival data on achievement outcomes from GPAs, attendance, and demographics (sex and age). Results showed significant increases in GPAs and significant increases in males' positive perceptions of school over the school years of 2017 and 2018. The results of this study can be used to promote positive social change for education professionals working in urban school districts providing support services to at-risk students facing school failure.

This study examined the inconsistency within research surrounding the relationship between executive functioning skills and autism symptomology in those being assessed for autism in early childhood (e.g., 34 to 60 months of age). Inconsistencies in current research connecting autism symptomology and executive dysfunction affect the best practice of practitioners that assess for disabilities. This study aimed to identify correlations between autism symptomology and executive functioning skills and whether combining autism symptomology and executive functioning skills assessments provide a more reliable classification as autism or non-autism. The framework foundation drew upon research that determined connections between those suffering from traumatic brain injury to the frontal lobe and those with autism. Autism and executive functioning testing outcomes (N = 42) were provided by an early childhood assessment center and entered in to multiple linear and logistic regression models. The results of the multiple linear regression indicated that there is a significant relationship between executive function skills and autism symptoms, and the results of the multiple logistic regression showed that together executive functioning skills and autism symptomology are strong predictors of classification. There is a positive social impact in the results of this study as it provides further knowledge of the best practice for practitioners who assess for disabilities due to the established connections between executive function deficits and autism in early childhood and determined some predictors when assessing for autism. The results may affect how autism and recommendations are identified in early childhood.