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With regard to the nature of the finite-temperature QCD phase transition and the fate of the chiral and anomalous axial symmetries associated with it, we present in this thesis two parallel sets of investigations into the QCD phase transition region between 139 and 195 MeV. Both studies adopt the Iwasaki gauge action augmented with the dislocation suppression determinant ratio with 2+1 flavors of chiral fermions. This choice of lattice action accurately reproduces the SU(2)_L × SU(2)_R and U(1)_A symmtries of the continuum. The first study simulates QCD thermodynamics on a line of constant physics that represents 200 MeV pions and physical kaons using domain wall fermions (DWF) at three space-time volumes: 16³ × 8, 24³ × 8, and 32³ × 8, where the largest volume varies in linear size between 5.6 fm (at T = 139 MeV) and 4.0 fm (at T = 195 MeV). The chiral condensates, connected and disconnected susceptibilities and the Dirac eigenvalue spectrum are reported and compared between different volumes as well as with the staggered results. We find a pseudo-critical temperature, T_c , of approximately 165 MeV and strong finite volume dependence below T_c. Clear evidence is seen for U(1)_A symmetry breaking above T_c which is quantitatively explained by the measured density of near-zero modes in accordance with the dilute instanton gas approximation. The second study targets on a line of constant physics with pions of physical mass, which is the very first study using a chiral lattice fermion formulaation. We continue to use the basic setup from the m_π ≈ 200 MeV simulations, except that we use a generalized form of domain wall fermions, known as the M ̈bius fermions, to further reduce the residual chiral symmetry breaking present in the domain wall formulation with finite extent in the fifth dimension. Preliminary results including the chiral condensates and the susceptibilities are reported for two space-time volumes of 32³ × 8 and 64³ × 8. We observe a dramatic increase in the disconnected susceptibilities and a shift in the pseudo-critical temperature from 165 MeV to about 154 MeV, when the pion mass is decreased from 200 MeV to 135 MeV.

Usualmente os modelos efetivos utilizados para a descrição da física de hádrons de baixa energia não são renormalizáveis. O objetivo da presente investigação é discutir o papel da renormalização no tratamento de um modelo efetivo. Estudamos o Modelo -Linear na sua versão renormalizada e descobrimos a presença de polos fantasmas. Investigamos então as consequências de introduzir na teoria um parâmetro cutoff, , com a precaução de manter no possível as propriedades de simetria da Lagrangiana original. Mostramos que nessa versão regularizada os pólos não-físicos desaparecem quando o parâmetro cutoff é menor ou da ordem de IND.C 1.2 GeV. É possível fixar o valor de em IND.C e interpretar autoconsistentemente as propriedades físicas associadas com os propagadores. Uma ressonância centrada em 880 MeV com uma largura de 400 MeV aparece no propagador sigma; o nucleon é um estado ligado e no seu continuo duas ressonâncias de Roper podem ser identificadas. / Usually the effective model utilized for the description of low energy hadron physics are not renormalizable. The purpose of the present investigation is to discuss the role of the renormalization in the treatment of a effective model. We study the -Linear Model in it renormalized version and find the presence of ghost poles. We then investigate the consequences of introducing into the theory a cutoff , taking care of maintaining the symmetry properties of the original Lagrangian. We show that in the regularized version the nonphysical poles disappear when the cutoff parameter value is less than IND.C 1.2 GeV. It is possible to fix cutoff value in IND.C and get a selfconsistent interpretation of physical properties associated with the propagators. A resonance centered at 880 MeV with a corresponding width 400 MeV appear in the sigma propagator. The nucleon is a bound state and in its continuum two Roper resonances can be identified.

Na QCD perturbativa, seções de choque inclusivas do tipo Blach-Nordsieck não são finitas no infravermelho em processos onde haja duas ou mais partículas coloridas no estado inicial. Calculamos, em todas as ordens de perturbação, a contribuição das divergências infravermelhas mais fortes que não se cancelam para o processo de aniquilação de um par quark anti-quark. O trabalho foi feito no gauge axial. Neste gauge os ghosts não se acoplam com os outros campos da teoria e isto reduz o número de diagramas a ser considerado. Além disto, as identidades de Slavnov-Taylor têm uma estrutura simples e podem ser usadas para eliminar classes inteiras de diagramas. Mostramos que as divergências infravermelhas subdominantes não se cancelam e se exponenciam. / In perturbative QCD, Bloch-Nordsieck inclusive cross sections are not infrared finite for processes where there are two or more coloured particles in the initial state. We have calculated, in all orders of perturbation, the contribution of the leading uncancelled infrared divergences for the annihilation of a pair quark anti-quark. The work was done in the axial gauge. In this gauge the ghosts don\'t couple to the other fields of the theory and this reduces the number of diagrams to be considered. Besides this, the Slavnov-Taylor identities have a simple structure and can be used to eliminate whole classes of diagrams. We have shown that the next to leading divergences don\'t cancel and exponentiate.

In this work, we report the lattice calculation of two important quantities which emerge from second order, K0 − ¯ K0 mixing : ∆MK and K. The RBC-UKQCD collaboration has performed the first calculation of ∆MK with unphysical kinematics [1]. We now extend this calculation to near-physical and physical ensembles. In these physical or near-physical calculations, the two-pion energies are below the kaon threshold, and we have to examine the two-pion intermediate states contribution to ∆MK, as well as the enhanced finite volume corrections arising from these two-pion intermediate states. We also report the first lattice calculation of the long-distance contribution to the indirect CP violation parameter, the K. This calculation involves the treatment of a short-distance, ultra-violet divergence that is absent in the calculation of ∆MK, and we will report our techniques for correcting this divergence on the lattice. In this calculation, we used unphysical quark masses on the same ensemble that we used in [1]. Therefore, rather than providing a physical result, this calculation demonstrates the technique for calculating K, and provides an approximate understanding the size of the long-distance contributions. Various new techniques are employed in this work, such as the use of All-Mode-Averaging (AMA), the All-to-All (A2A) propagators and the use of super-jackknife method in analyzing the data.

Orientador: Gastão Inácio Krein / Banca: Arlene Cristina Aguilar / Banca: Dimiter Hadjimichef / Banca: Fernando Silveira Navarra / Banca: Jorge José Leite Noronha Júnior / Resumo: Nós empregamos modelos de quarks para investigar a quebra da simetria de sabor na interação de mésons e bárions charmosos com o núcleon. Nesses modelos a única fonte de quebra da simetria de sabor são as massas dos quarks u, d, s e c. Inicialmente, empregamos o modelo de decaimento forte 3P0 para calcular constantes de acoplamento hádron-hádron efetivas. Os elementos de matriz do operador de decaimento 3P0 foram calculados usando funções de onda hadrônicas determinadas através da diagonalização exata do Hamiltoniano microscópico de um modelo não-relativístico de quarks em uma base finita de funções de onda Gaussianas. Resultados numéricos foram obtidos para as amplitudes ππρ, KKρ, ¯D¯Dρ, NNπ, NΣsK, NΛc ¯D, NΣc ¯D, NΛsK e os efeitos da quebra de simetria foram avaliados para as correspondentes constantes de acoplamento. A seguir, investigamos o espalhamento a baixas energias dos mésons estranhos K e charmosos ¯D com o núcleon empregando um modelo microscópico de quarks inspirado na cromodinâmica quântica no calibre de Coulomb que confina a carga de cor e realiza a quebra dinâmica da simetria quiral. O Hamiltoniano microscópico do modelo incorpora um potencial de confinamento do tipo Coulomb e uma interação hiperfina de glúons transversos. Uma função de massa para os quarks constituintes 'e obtida pela solu¸c˜ao de uma equação de gap e funções de onda de estados ligados de mésons e bárions são obtidas no espaço de Fock usando um esquema de cálculo variacional. A seguir, tendo obtido as massas constituintes e as funções de ondas dos hádrons, uma interação efetiva méson-núcleon de alcance curto é derivada a partir do mecanismo de troca quark-glúon. Para descrever a física... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: We employ quark models to investigate the breaking of flavor symmetry in the interaction of charmed mesons and baryons with the nucleon. The only source of flavor symmetry breaking are the masses of the quarksu,d,s, andc. Initially, we employ the 3 P0 strong decay model to obtain hadron-hadron effective coupling constants. The matrix elements of the3P0 decay operator were evaluated employing hadron wave-functions calculated by exact diagonalization of the microscopic quark model Hamiltonian in a finite basis of Gaussian wave-functions. Numerical results were determined for theππρ,KKρ, ¯ D¯Dρ,NNπ,NΣsK,NΛc ¯D,NΣc ¯D,NΛsK amplitudes and the symmetry breaking effects were evaluated for the corresponding coupling constants. Next, we investigate the strong interaction of strangeK and charmed ¯D mesons by nucleons at low energies using a microscopic quark model inspired in quantum chromodynamics in Coulomb gauge that confines color and realizes dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. The microscopic model Hamiltonian incorporates a confining Coulomb potential and a transverse-gluon hyperfine interaction. A constituent-quark mass function is obtained by solving a gap equation and baryon and meson bound-states are obtained in Fock space using a variational calculation. Next, having obtained the constituent-quark masses and the hadron waves functions, an effective short-range meson-nucleon interaction is derived from a quark-interchange mechanism. To describe long-distance physics vector- and scalar-meson exchanges obtained from effective Lagrangians are incorporated. The derived effective meson-baryonpotential is used in a Lippmann-Schwinger equation to obtain cross section and phase shifts. The obtained results are compared with recent similar calculations using the nonrelativistic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Quantum Chromo - Dynamics ( QCD ) is the part of the Standard Model which describes the interaction of the strong nuclear force with matter. QCD is asymptotically free, so at high energies perturbation expansions in the coupling can be used to calculate expectation values. Away from this limit, however, perturbation expansions in the coupling do not converge. Lattice QCD ( LQCD ) is a non - perturbative approach to calculations in QCD. LQCD first performs a Wick rotation t → - it [subscript E], and then discretises spacetime into a regular lattice with some lattice spacing a. QCD is then expressed in terms of parallel transport operators of the gauge field between grid points, and fermion fields which are defined at the grid points. Operators are evaluated in terms of these quantities, and the lattice spacing is then taken to zero to recover continuum values. We perform computer simulations of Lattice QCD in order to extract a variety of meson observables. In particular, we perform a comprehensive survey of the light and strange meson octets, obtain for the first time exotic meson results consistent with experiment, calculate the charge form - factor of the light and strange pseudoscalar mesons, and determine ( for the first time in Lattice QCD ) all three form - factors of the vector meson. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, Discipline of Physics, Centre for the Subatomic Structure of Matter, 2007.