Student Number : 0205732P - MA research report - Faculty of Humanities / In the only national study of HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in South Africa, using racial groups as categories of analysis, it was found that 6.2% of White South Africans are HIV positive (Nelson Mandela/HSRC, 2002). This prevalence is higher than in ‘White’ populations in other countries (Nelson Mandela/HSRC, 2002). This high prevalence rate amongst white South Africans, though researched and published, appears to be unknown amongst white schoolteachers. Those armed with this knowledge, the media and prevention campaigns, seem to perpetuate the stereotypical image that HIV/AIDS is a ‘Black’ disease. This perception, evident amongst the schoolteachers interviewed, seems to stem from the personal experiences that the teachers have had, the social encounters experienced, as well as the prejudices created about Black people throughout colonial and apartheid times. Promiscuity is considered as the number one reason why the spread of HIV/AIDS has been so rampant in South Africa. Therefore, Black people are not only perceived as being promiscuous, but HIV positive. Due to the fact that respondents seem to make a natural connection between HIV/AIDS and race, emphasis must be placed on White South Africans, in order to aid in the dispelling of false and potentially fatal misconceptions. A false sense of security does exist amongst the white schoolteachers interviewed. A large majority did not perceive themselves, their family or friends, as being at risk of HIV/AIDS infection. However, cognizance must be taken of the fact that this perception has not merely been thought up at random, it is the product of a racialized past.

The objective of this thesis is to delineate and analyse Northamptonshire Caribbeans' consumption c.1955-1989. Author-collected and other oral histories alongside complementary primary and secondary references dovetail to unearth and analyse aspects of Post-War Caribbean consumption in a British provincial location that have been significantly unexplored previously. Central to the argument is the contention that identity is fundamentally significant in comprehending and analysing Northamptonshire Caribbeans' consumption. Various conceptualisations of identity facilitated development of consumer materialisations and aspirations. This thesis explores how multiple forms of identity as Caribbean, Black and British people were significant in shaping local Caribbeans' consumption. The succeeding pages address and analyse how these multiple identities influenced consumption and how provincial consumer behaviour was shaped by Caribbeans' relative co-ethnic isolation in Northamptonshire. Chapter 3 delineates and analyses consumer practices and practicalities of Northamptonshire Caribbeans. Integral within these consumer practices and practicalities are changes in consumption over time, intergenerational differences in consumption, as well as aspects of consumption that could be considered 'typical' and/or 'atypical' Northamptonshire Caribbean consumption; all of which are incorporated within this chapter. Chapter 4 connects identity and consumption through enhancing understanding of Northamptonshire Caribbeans' consumer networks. These networks interacted with the combination of identities local Caribbeans psychologically felt part of within various Caribbean, Black and British permutations. Furthermore, such identities varied more widely amongst the younger generation than their co-ethnic elders, a concept which is also addressed. Education and cultural currency are two novel strands through which to analyse connections between consumption and identity. The final two chapters deploy these concepts in an innovative manner creating and developing greater understanding of Northamptonshire Caribbeans' consumption. Chapter 5 expounds on the concept that education can be used as consumption whilst shaping future consumer behaviour, both ideas significantly under-explored previously. Chapter 6 introduces the theory of cultural currency, the idea that aspects of culture have finite, but changing, values and must be shared to have value similar to monetary currencies having exchange values for other monetary currencies. This chapter demonstrates how Northamptonshire Caribbeans shared aspects of Caribbean culture as cultural currency, fostering co-ethnic strength whilst gaining inter-ethnic respect for Caribbeans. Through comprehending Caribbean identity, correlations between empirical and social history, local consumption, as well as educational and cultural circumstances that stimulated and inspired Northamptonshire Caribbeans, this thesis distinctively illuminates how local Caribbeans' consumption interacted with various permutations of Afro-Caribbean, Black and/or British identities whilst representing idiosyncratic local nodes within these larger amalgamations.

Concerns the Hmong people in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Turkmens in Iraq. / UN Job no.: G0511801 E. Material type: NGO written statements. Issued under agenda item 6, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1. Issued under agenda item 6a, agenda document E/CN.4/2005/1.

Data are limited on contemporary temporal trends in maternal characteristics and outcomes in hospitalized patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PC). We used the National Inpatient Sample database from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2018, to identify PC hospitalizations in women aged 15 to 54 years. Weighted survey data were used to derive national estimates for the United States population and examine trends. Between 2004 and 2018, there was a total of 23,420 weighted hospitalizations for PC in women aged 15 to 54 years. The mean (standard error) age of this hospitalized PC population was 30.3 (0.1) years, with 44.6% White, 39.3% Black, 9.0% Hispanics, and 7.1% "Other" racial/ethnic groups. There was a nonsignificant increase in the PC hospitalization per 100,000 live births from 33.6 in 2004 to 42.4 in 2018 (p-trend = 0.06) over the study period, driven by a statistically significant increase in the younger women age group 15 to 35 years (p-trend = 0.04). The PC hospitalizations per 100,000 live births for women aged 36 to 54 years were more than double that observed in women aged 15 to 35 years (77.6 vs 33.5). PC hospitalizations were more than threefold greater in Black versus White women (103.5 vs 32.0 per 100,000 live births). Overall, inpatient mortality was 0.8%; the adjusted inpatient mortality showed a nonsignificant overall decrease from 1.1% in 2004 to 0.5% in 2018 (p-trend = 0.15). The overall mean length of stay was 4.6 days; the adjusted mean length of stay decreased from 5.8 days in 2004 to 4.6 days in 2018 (p-trend <0.01). In conclusion, there has been a nonsignificant increase in hospitalizations for PC, driven by an increasing rate of hospitalizations in younger women. The older maternal age group and Black patients had a higher proportional hospitalization as compared with the younger age group and White patients. There was a nonsignificant decrease in inpatient mortality.

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