Η εργασία αυτή έγινε στα πλαίσια του Μεταπτυχιακού Προγράμματος Σπουδών «Εφαρμοσμένη και Περιβαλλοντική Γεωλογία» του Τμήματος Γεωλογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών και έχει ως σκοπό την διερεύνηση και στατιστική επεξεργασία των βροχομετρικών δεδομένων για την περιοχή της Βόρειας Πελοποννήσου προκειμένου να γίνει ανάλυση και συσχέτιση τους με τις κατολισθήσεις της περιοχής. Η περιοχή μελέτης περιλαμβάνει τους Νομούς Αχαΐας και Κορινθίας. Πρόκειται για μια περιοχή που δέχεται σχετικά μεγάλα ποσοστά βροχόπτωσης και στην οποία έχει παρατηρηθεί σημαντικός αριθμός κατολισθήσεων. Γίνεται συστηματική καταγραφή, επεξεργασία και αξιολόγηση των διαθέσιμων βροχομετρικών δεδομένων από μετεωρολογικούς σταθμούς που υπάρχουν στις περιοχές αυτές για την εκτίμηση των μέσων ετήσιων τιμών και στη συνέχεια γίνεται εκτίμηση της χωρικής κατανομής αυτών. Η συγκριτική θεώρηση του αριθμού των κατολισθήσεων που έγιναν την αντίστοιχη περίοδο δείχνει ότι υπάρχει μια ποιοτική συσχέτιση με τις βροχοπτώσεις. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να αποτελέσει την βάση για την ποιοτική έκφραση μιας τυπικής σχέσης στα πλαίσια περαιτέρω και συστηματικότερης διερεύνησης του φαινόμενου. / This project has been carried out in the framework of the Postgraduate studies of ‘’Applied and Environmental Geology’’ of the Geology Department of the University of Patras. Its aim is the examination and statistic processing of the rainfall data in the region of North Peloponnisos, so that they will be analyzed and related to the landslides of the area. The study area includes Achaia and Korinthia. Its an area with relatively great amount of rainfall and in which a large number of landslides has been observed. The available rainfall data taken from several weather stations have been methodical recorded, processed and evaluated, so that the mid-annual rates can be estimated and afterwards there has been an evaluation of their space allocation. The comparative consideration of the number of landslides taken place in the respective period shows a qualitative relation to the rainfalls. The aim of the present project is to become the basic of the qualitative expression of the typical relation in the framework of an even more systematic examination of these observations.

The development of some ability for forecasting low rainfalls would be helpful in Tuvalu as rainwater is the only source of fresh water in the country. The subsurface water is brackish and saline so the entire country depends totally on rainwater for daily domestic supplies, agricultural and farming activities. More importantly, these atolls are often influenced by droughts which consequently make inadequate drinking water an issue. A simple graph-based forecasting scheme is developed and presented in this thesis for forecasting below average mean rainfall in Funafuti over the next n-month period. The approach uses precursor ocean surface temperature data to make predictions of below average rainfall for n = 1, 2 12. The simplicity of the approach makes it a suitable method for the country and thus for the Tuvalu Meteorological Service to use as an operational forecasting tool in the climate forecasting desk. The graphical method was derived from standardised monthly rainfalls from the Funafuti manual raingauge for the period January 1945 to July 2007. The method uses lag-1 and-lag 2 NINO4 sea surface temperatures to define whether prediction conditions hold. The persistence of predictability tends to be maintained when the observed NINO4 ocean surface temperatures fall below 26.0oC. Although the developed method has a high success probability of up to 80 percent, this can only be achieved when conditions are within the predictable field. A considerable number of below average rainfall periods are not within the predictable field and therefore cannot be forecast by this method. However, the graphical approach has particular value in warning when an existing drought is likely to continue.

La ciudad de Bahía Blanca se emplaza en la cuenca inferior del arroyo Napostá cuyo curso atraviesa el interior de la misma. Esta posición contribuye a que reciba el escurrimiento generado aguas arriba además de aumentar el peligro de inundación por sus crecidas. Sin embargo, distintas obras hidráulicas disminuyeron la ocurrencia de este tipo de problemáticas. El principal efecto de las precipitaciones intensas en la ciudad es el anegamiento en zonas de menor pendiente. En las zonas de mayor altitud el escurrimiento del agua erosiona las calles sin pavimentar y el material socavado es depositado en niveles inferiores. Conforme a lo expresado el objetivo general de la investigación fue el estudio de la hidrografía urbana aplicado a la solución de los problemas hidro-ambientales en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca. Los objetivos específicos fueron: caracterizar el comportamiento del escurrimiento superficial en la ciudad, determinar las modificaciones que se realizaron sobre las condiciones naturales del drenaje, conocer el comportamiento de los parámetros meteorológicos que definen el clima del área, caracterizar el comportamiento de las precipitaciones en el área, medir el valor de pH del agua de lluvia y analizar su distribución espacial, establecer los efectos de las precipitaciones intensas sobre la ciudad, identificar los sectores que actualmente presentan riesgo de inundación, analizar la dinámica del crecimiento urbano de la ciudad y establecer propuestas de ordenamiento que eviten el desarrollo de problemas hidro-ambientales. En la presente tesis se utilizó información altimétrica obtenida de cartografía topográfica e imágenes satelitales para combinarse con datos diversos a través de la aplicación de la tecnología de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Se incorporó una capa temática con la sistematización de las observaciones realizadas en el trabajo de campo y se digitalizaron los tendidos de desagües pluviales. El estudio conjunto de estos factores permitió reconocer la superposición de la red de drenaje natural con el parcelamiento, vías de circulación y diferentes tipos de cobertura. La información generada mostró la reconfiguración del patrón de escurrimiento que tomó características correspondientes con el diseño subdendrítico. Los montos acumulados de precipitación de distintos puntos de la ciudad expusieron una diferenciación que supera los 100 mm. Los mayores registros se han dado en el sector sur, donde se presentan dificultades para el escurrimiento y en el noreste de la ciudad, donde se han reconocido procesos erosivos. Los valores de pH del agua de lluvia registrados mostraron un leve aumento en comparación con los de la década del ochenta por lo que se advirtió un incremento en la condición de alcalinidad. La localización de los diferentes procesos derivados de las precipitaciones permitió definir la influencia de las condiciones naturales y de aquellas derivadas del proceso de urbanización. La forma dispersa en que se extiende la ciudad encarece el tendido de servicios y mantenimiento de las vías de circulación favoreciendo el surgimiento de estas problemáticas. Se presentaron distintas propuestas para que desde la planificación urbana se logre una gestión del drenaje que minimice el impacto hidrológico del crecimiento de la ciudad. / Bahia Blanca city is located in the lower basin of the Napostá creek. This location contributes to receive the runoff that is generated upstream and increases the flooding risk. However, different hydraulic constructions decreased the occurrence of this type of problem. The main effect of intense rainfalls over the city is the flooding in areas of lower slope. Moreover, at higher ground altitude water runoff causes two problems: the erosion of unpaved streets and the deposit the material eroded at lower levels Therefore, the general aim was to study the urban hydrography applied to the solution of environmental problems in the city of Bahia Blanca. The specific aims were: to characterize the surface runoff behavior, to define the changes that were made on natural drainage conditions, to analyze the meteorological parameters that determinate the area's climate, to characterize the rainfall behavior in the city, to measure the rainwate pH values and their spatial distribution, to define the incidente of intense precipitations over the city, to analyze the places that are currently at flooding risk, to understand the urban growth dynamics and to propose specific solutions to avoid the development of hydro-environmental problems. The present thesis used information obtained from topographic mapping altimetry and satellite images to be combined with with a variety of information through the application of the technology of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A thematic layer was incorporated with the field observations systematization and the urban drainage ducts were digitalized. The joint study of these factors helped to identify the overlapping natural drainage network with the urban parceling, roads and different types of coverage. The information generated allow to identified a reconfiguration of the runoff pattern design. Cumulative rainfall amounts from different city places showed a difference of over 100 mm. The higer records were registered in the south, where the runoff has difficulties to flow and in the northeast, where erosion processes has been recognized. The rainwater pH values of rainfall showed a slight increase compared to the records measured in the eighties. The location of the different processes generated by rainfalls helped to define the influence of natural conditions and those derived from the urbanization process. The dispersed way that the city is expanding urges the laying and maintenance of service roads favoring the emergence of these problems. Different proposals were presented to be implemented by the urban planning to achieve a drainage management that minimizes the hydrological impact of city growth.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-09-04T18:27:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wildo Navegantes Aspectos epidemiologicos da leptospirose....pdf: 1357912 bytes, checksum: 01380ce81c921e78d62f63cce2d77036 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-04T18:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wildo Navegantes Aspectos epidemiologicos da leptospirose....pdf: 1357912 bytes, checksum: 01380ce81c921e78d62f63cce2d77036 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / A leptospirose é a principal doença infecciosa zoonótica em áreas urbanas nos países em desenvolvimento, porém subnotificada. O conhecimento e as atitudes sobre a leptospirose é desconhecida nas comunidades brasileiras onde a doença é prevalente. Objetivos: 1) Descrever os casos notificados de leptospirose, fatores de risco para óbito, influência das chuvas em cidades metropolitanas e parte da carga da leptospirose no Brasil, 2000-2009. 2) Descrever o conhecimento e as atitudes sobre leptospirose dos moradores de uma favela na cidade de Salvador. Métodos:1) Foram descritos os casos notificados de leptospirose no Sistema Nacional de Vigilância de 2000 a 2009. Foi analisada a influência das chuvas e a ocorrência de casos de leptospirose em cinco metrópoles brasileiras. Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência, hospitalização, mortalidade e letalidade por leptospirose e foram avaliados os fatores de risco para óbito a partir das variáveis demográficas entre os casos confirmados. 2) Foi conduzido um estudo transversal sobre o conhecimento e atitudes sobre leptospirose na comunidade de Pau da Lima, Salvador – Bahia. Resultados: 1) A doença acomete populações vulneráveis socialmente que vivem em áreas urbanas. As taxas de incidência, hospitalização, mortalidade e letalidade foram 1,48, 1.04, 0,12 por 100.000 habitantes e 9%, respectivamente. A partir de 15 anos de idade (OR=1,88; IC95% 1,39-2,55), baixo nível educacional (OR=1,35; IC95% 1,17-1,56), viver em área urbana (OR=2,19; IC95% 1,80-2,69) foram detectados como fatores de risco para óbito entre os casos confirmados. As chuvas tiveram forte relação com a ocorrência de surtos sazonais da doença em cinco cidades metropolitanas. 2) 72,7% das pessoas sabem que a leptospirose é uma doença transmitida por ratos, 56,4% reconhecem que pegam a doença com o contato com urina de ratos, 17,8% referiram limpar esgotos ao redor da sua casa, 35,5% referiram usar luvas e 33,3% botas para se proteger. Conclusão: No Brasil, a doença acomete homens adultos, com baixa nível educacional que vivem em áreas urbanas, tais achados estão associados a óbitos. Muitos surtos sazonais ocorreram sob influência das chuvas nas cidades metropolitanas estudadas. Na comunidade de Pau da Lima, uma favela de Salvador, as pessoas conhecem a leptospirose e as principais atitudes detectadas estão relacionadas as contínuas exposições a água de chuvas e esgotos na comunidade. As conclusões deste trabalho apontam para a necessidade de estruturar serviços de saúde que antecedam as chuvas, e para obras de saneamento básico em regiões metropolitanas com maior incidência da doença. Recomendamos que sejam realizados outros estudos sobre o conhecimento em relação a leptospirose para entender os déficits de informação da população, assim como instruí-los para organizadamente cobrarem soluções como obras de saneamento básico que minimizem o impacto da leptospirose na população. / The leptospirosis is major zoonotic infectious disease in urban areas in the developing countries. However, the leptospirosis is underreported in the world. The knowledge and attitudes about leptospirosis of the communities which suffer due the leptospirosis is unavailable. Objectives 1) To describe the leptospirosis cases reported, risk factors for death, influence of the rainfalls in metropolitan cities and, part of the burden caused by the leptospirosis in Brazil from 2000 through 2009. 2) To describe the knowledge and attitudes about leptospirosis in slum area in metropolitan city of the Brazil. Methods: 1) Were described the leptospirosis cases reported in the National Surveillance System from 2000 to 2009. Were analyzed the influence of the rainfalls in metropolitan cities, were analyzed frequency measures and, were identified risk factors for death. 2) Was conducted a cross-section study about the knowledge and attitudes about leptospirosis in the community of “Pau da Lima”, Salvador- Bahia. Results: 1) The disease attacks adult men in economically active age with low educational level living in urban areas. Incidence, hospitalization, mortality and lethality rates were 1.48, 1.04, 0.12 per 100.000 inhabitants, and 9% respectively. Being aged 15 or above (OR=1.88; IC 95% 1.39-2.55), having low educational level (OR=1.35; IC 95% 1.17-1.56), and living in urban areas (OR=2.19; IC 95% 1.80-2.69) have been detected as risk factors for death among the confirmed cases. Rains were strongly related to the occurrence to seasonal outbreaks of the disease in five metropolitan cities studied. 2) In an urban slum in Salvador, 72.7% of the individuals know that leptospirosis is a disease transmitted by rats, 56.4% recognized that the disease can be contracted by getting in contact with the urine of rats, 17.8% clean the sewers surrounding their houses, 35.5% wear gloves and 33.3% wear boots to protect them. Conclusion: In Brazil, the disease attacks adult men with low educational level living in urban areas, these covariates are associated to death. Many seasonal outbreaks occur in the studied metropolitan cities under the influence of rain. In a slum area in Salvador, people know leptospirosis and the main attitudes detected are related to continuous exposition of the community to rainfalls and sewers. Health policies geared to structuring health services prior to rains and the implementation of basic sanitation infrastructure to be requirements for minimizing the occurrence of leptospirosis in mega cities. We also recommend the conduction of studies on the knowledge and attitudes in order to understand population’s information deficit, as well as to instruct them to demand solutions such as the construction of basic sanitation infrastructure in an orderly manner.

[ES] La rehabilitación de las redes de drenaje es uno de los procesos fundamentales que los administradores y responsables de la gestión de redes de drenaje deben implementar para adaptar las redes defectuosas a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y la urbanización. Las soluciones tradicionales pasan por la sustitución de tuberías o la instalación de tanques de tormenta (TT). En esta tesis, el escenario propuesto combina la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT para la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje. Los resultados de varias simulaciones en varias redes mostraron que el uso combinado de la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT en la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje proporciona mejores resultados que la separación de los dos escenarios de rehabilitación. Tal metodología de rehabilitación necesita un tiempo de computación elevado para proporcionar soluciones aceptables que a menudo se encuentran atrapados en mínimos locales. El objetivo de esta tesis es proponer una metodología que permita obtener mejores resultados durante la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje considerando el uso combinado de la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT. La metodología debe considerar la reducción del espacio de búsqueda (SSR). Cuatro opciones claves están combinadas para lograr reducir el espacio de búsqueda del problema. Estas opciones son: Reducir la cantidad de nudos en los que podrían instalarse los TT. Reducir el número de líneas en las que podría haber un cambio en el diámetro Reducir la discretización que se hace de la sección de cada uno de los TT. Reducir el número de diámetros candidatos en las tuberías. Una vez que se reduce el espacio de búsqueda, el algoritmo pseudo genético (APG) utilizado en esta tesis para la optimización mono-objetivo puede explorar más partes del espacio de búsqueda en menos tiempo. Lo que resulta es la obtención de mejores resultados. Por la optimización multiobjetivo, el NSGA-II utilizado puede proporcionar frentes de Pareto rápidamente para los diferentes escenarios considerados después del proceso de optimización. El objetivo general se dividió en objetivos específicos que se detallan a continuación: El primer objetivo específico consiste en formular un problema de optimización que verifique que la rehabilitación teniendo en cuenta la instalación de los TT y la sustitución de las tuberías proporciona mejores resultados que cualquiera de las dos estrategias implementadas por separado. Evaluar adecuadamente las funciones de costes utilizadas para formar las funciones objetivo constituye el segundo objetivo específico. Los diferentes costes considerados son: costes de sustitución de tuberías, costes de instalación de TT y costes de daños por inundación. El tercer objetivo específico es desarrollar un modelo de rehabilitación considerando la instalación de TT y la sustitución de tuberías, basado en APG y el Modelo SWMM. Los costes de inversiones y los costes de daños por inundaciones no se pueden sumar debido a sus tipos. Los costes de inversiones son reales mientras que los costes de daños por inundaciones son futuribles, dependen de la probabilidad de ocurrencia de la lluvia. Por lo tanto, el cuarto objetivo específico de esta tesis es proponer un algoritmo multiobjetivo evolucionario para la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje considerando la instalación de TT y la sustitución de tuberías. Para la optimización de un mono objetivo y multiobjetivo, el tiempo de cálculo es elevado. También las soluciones objetivas estaban atrapadas en mínimos locales. El quinto objetivo es proponer una metodología de reducción del espacio de búsqueda (SSR) para resolver este problema. El sexto objetivo específico consiste en llevar a cabo un análisis de sensibilidad para verificar los efectos del SSR en el resultado final del proceso de optimización. Por lo tanto, se seleccionaron diferentes tamaños de poblac / [CAT] La rehabilitació de les xarxes de drenatge és un dels gestors de processos fonamentals i la necessitat responsable d'implementar per adaptar les xarxes defectuoses als efectes adversos del canvi climàtic i la urbanització. A la literatura, la installació de canonades o substitució de canonades són els dos escenaris presentats pels autors. En aquesta tesi, un tercer escenari proposa combinar la installació de canonades de substitució i tancs de tempesta (TT) per a la rehabilitació de xarxes de drenatge. Els resultats de diverses simulacions a diverses xarxes van mostrar que la combinació d'ús de canvis de substitució de canonades i TT a la rehabilitació de xarxes de drenatge proporciona millors resultats que la separació dels dos escenaris de rehabilitació. Desafortunadament, aquesta metodologia de rehabilitació requereix temps de càlcul elevat per proporcionar solucions acceptables que sovint es troben en mínim local. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és proposar una metodologia que permeti reduir el temps de càlcul i obtenir millors resultats durant la rehabilitació de la xarxa de drenatge considerant l'ús combinat de la instal·lació dels TT de substitució de canonades. L'estratègia adoptada combina, en una metodologia estructurada, quatre opcions clau per reduir l'espai de cerca del problema: Reduir el nombre de nodes en què podrien instal·lar-se els TT. Reduir el nombre de línies en què podria haver-hi un canvi de diàmetre Reduir la discretització que es fa de la secció de cadascun dels TT. Reduir la quantitat de diàmetres candidats à les canonades. Un cop reduït l'espai de cerca, l'algorisme pseudo-genètic (PGA) que s'utilitza en aquesta tesi per a l'optimització d'un únic objectiu (SO) pot explorar fàcilment l'espai de cerca en menys temps, resultant en obtenir millors resultats. Per a l'optimització del MO, la NSGA-II pot proporcionar fronts de Pareto ràpidament per als diferents escenaris considerats després del procés d'optimització. L'objectiu general es va a dividir en objectius específics detallats a continuació: El primer objectiu específic consisteix a formular un problema d'optimització que verifiqui que la rehabilitació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la seva substitució proporciona millors resultats que qualsevol de les dues estratègies implementades per separat. Valorar adequadament les funcions de cost que s'utilitzen per formar les funcions objectives, i constitueix el segon objectiu específic. Els diferents costes considerats són: Costes d'inversions i costes de danys a les inundacions. El tercer objectiu específic és desenvolupar un model de rehabilitació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la substitució de canonades, basant-se en el PGA i el model SWMM. Els costos d'inversions i els costos de danys per inundacions no es poden sumar a causa d'un tipus. Els costes d'inversions són reals mentre els costes d'anuncis per a les futures fonts del futur són dependents de la probabilitat d'obertura de la pluja. Per tant, el cos objectiu específic d'aquesta tesi és propiciar un algorisme multiobjetiu evolutiu per a la rehabilitació de la xarxa de navegació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la substitució de tuberies. Per a l'optimització d'un únic objectiu i multi-objectiu, el temps de càlcul s'eleva. També es va sospitar que les solucions objectives eren atrapades en els mínims locals. El cinquè objectiu és proposar una metodologia de la reducció de l'espai de cerca (SSR) per resoldre aquest problema El sisè objectiu específic consisteix a realitzar una anàlisi de sensibilitat per verificar els efectes de SSR sobre el resultat final del procés d'optimització. Per tant, es van seleccionar diferents grandàries de població i valors de criteris de parada i es van realitzar simulacions per a diferents configuracions. El setè objectiu específic d'aquesta tesi és proposar una nova metodologia de rehabilitació considerant la tècnica / [EN] Drainage networks rehabilitation is one of the fundamental process that managers and responsible need to implement to adapt defective networks to climate change and urbanization adverse effects. In the literature, pipes substitution or storm tanks (STs) installation are the two scenarios presented by authors. In this thesis, a third scenario proposed combine pipes substitution and STs installation for drainage networks rehabilitation. Results of several simulations on various networks showed that the combine use of pipes substitution and STs installation in drainage networks rehabilitation provides better results than separation of the two rehabilitation scenarios. Unfortunately, such rehabilitation methodologies are computationally time consumers. They need much time to provide acceptable solutions which are often caught up in local minima. The aim of this thesis is to propose a drainage networks rehabilitation methodology based on the combine use of pipes substitution and STs installation. The methodology considers search space reduction (SSR) technique. The adopted strategy combines in a structured methodology four key options aiming at reducing the search space (SS) of the problem: Reduce the number of nodes in which STs could potentially be installed. Reduce the number of lines in which there could potentially be a change in diameter Reduce the discretization that is made of the section of each of the STs. Reduce the number of candidate diameters in the pipes. Once the search space is reduced, the pseudo genetic algorithm (PGA) used in this thesis for single objective (SO) optimization can easily explore the search space in less time resulting in the obtention of better results. For the MO optimization, the NSGA-II can provide rapidly Pareto fronts for the different considered scenarios after the optimization process. The general objective was divided in specific objectives detailed as follow: The first specific objective consists of formulate an optimization problem that verifies that rehabilitation considering STs installation and pipes substitution provides better results than any of the two strategies implemented separately. Adequately assess the cost functions used to form the objective functions constitutes the second specific objective. The different costs considered are: Investments costs and flood damage costs. The third specific objective is to develop a rehabilitation model considering STs installation and pipes substitution, based on PGA and the Storm Water management Model. Investment costs and flood damage costs could not be summed due to their types. Investment costs are reals while, flood damage costs depend on the rainfall probability. So, the fourth specific objective of this thesis is to propose a MOEA for drainage networks rehabilitation considering STs installation and pipes substitution. For SO and Multi-objective (MO) optimization, the computation time is elevated. It was also suspected that the objective solutions were caught up in local minima. The fifth objective is to propose an SSR methodology to solve this issue The sixth specific objective consist of carry out a sensitivity analysis to verify the effects of the SSR on the final result of the optimization process. So, different population sizes and stop criteria values were selected and simulation for different configurations were performed. The seventh specific objective of this thesis is to propose a new rehabilitation methodology considering SSR technique for MO optimization. For each specific objective presented in this thesis, an application to a drainage network has been made and the obtained results were satisfactory. A simple network was used to apply the simple optimization methodology based on PGA algorithm A medium size network was used to apply the SO optimization, the MO optimization and the SSR methodology. Finally, a large and mesh network was used to apply the MO optimization methodology considering SSR. / Ngamalieu Nengoue, UA. (2019). URBAN DRAINAGE NETWORK REHABILITATION CONSIDERING STORM TANK INSTALLATION AND PIPE SUBSTITUTION [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129869 / TESIS

This master’s thesis deals with management of rain waters in urban area of village Vendryně. It contents study with several variants which are optimized for the local conditions and consequently evaluated . Another part of thesis deals with balance of rain water management for standardized household.

This thesis engages various methods of calculation of the spatial distribution of precipitation and the evaluation of differences in totals of rainfall in a chosen catchment. The aim of this work was to choose suitable methods for the calculation of areal rainfall and subsequently to create those methods. Most methods were developed in the GIS program. The next objective was to explore differences in monthly precipitation from hydrological years 2006 and 2007 calculated in the catchment by chosen methods. Chosen methods for the calculation of the spatial distribution of precipitation in the catchment were: arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygons, isohyetal method and inverse distance weighting method. (IDW). As a suitable catchment was selected the catchment of the Kopaninský stream where relatively dense rainfall measurement network is installed. During the solution of this thesis the area of interest had to be extended by the area between the used rain gauges which was delimited in the GIS program. The reason for an enlargement was a fact that a decomposition of rain gauges in the catchment of the Kopaninský stream did not permit the creation of isohyetal lines in this whole catchment. During the calculation and the comparison of results of individual methods was found that results of used methods were surprisingly nearly the same. It was also stated that not even sufficient dense rain gauges network does not guarantee 100% exactness for calculating the amount of the precipitation in the selected area because of their extraordinary variability.

The thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with the areal distribution of short-term convective rainfalls with regard to the influence of altitude. Precipitation estimates based on combination of rain gauge and radar data are used for this purpose. Statistical tests proved that the areal distribution of hourly convective rainfalls does not depend on altitude. Besides data containing precipitation events only, all measured data were statistically analysed regardless of the fact whether precipitation occurred or not. In this case it was found out that the relationship between hourly rainfall totals and altitude depends on the considered threshold of rainfall totals. When all data were considered, i.e. a threshold value was set to zero, an increase of rainfall totals well correlated with altitude. The dependence slowly disappeared with an increasing threshold. The areal distribution of 6 hour rainfall totals proved higher values in the area of south Bohemia. The most frequent synoptic patterns were northwest cyclonic situations (NWC) and cyclone over the Central Europe (C). The second part of the thesis is focused on satellite data exploitation, as measured by meteorological satellite Meteosat Second Generation, for convective precipitation estimates. The Convective Rainfall Rate (CRR) algorithm,...