The area of souther Elhorn Mountain, a previously unmapped area, is located north of Malad City, Idaho, in the Bannock Range. The mapped area is within the Basin and Range province. The mapped area measures 5.9 miles in the north-south direction and approximately 8.8 miles in the east-west direction. The oldest stratigraphic unit, in the mapped area, is the Ute Formation of Middle Cambrian age. Other units of Cambrian age, in ascending order, are: Blacksmith Formation, Bloomington Formation, Nounan Formation, and St. Charles Formation. The units of Ordovician age are the Garden City and the Swan Peak Formations. The youngest unit of Paleozoic age, in the mapped area, is the Fish Haven-Laketown Formation of Ordovician-Silurian age. The Paleozoic units are composed predominantly of limestone and dolomite; some unites contain varied amounts of quartzite and shale. The Salt Lake Formation and associated volcanic rocks of Tertiary age are present locally in the mapped area. Lake Bonnevill Group, colluvial deposits, and alluvial deposits, all of Quaternary age, are also present. A thrust fault, folds, and normal faults are present in the mapped area. A bedding-plane thrust fault is present between the Bloomington and Nounan Formations. A broad anticline is suggested by the attitudes of the Paleozoic rocks of southern Elkhorn Mountain. Small-scale folds are exposed locally. The normal faults are of two major trends, northwest and north. These fault sets are contemporaneous and they cut Salt Lake Formation. These sets intersect and form numerous fault blocks. The normal faults cut the thrust fault and the fold. Thus, the thrust fault and the fold are isolated within various fault blocks throughout the area. The marginal normal faults are responsible for the present topography. Remnant blocks of a major landslide are also present. The structural features of the area are the result of two major structural events, the older Laramide orogeny and the more recent Basin and Range faulting. The Laramide orogeny, active from Late Jurassic to early Eocene, was responsible for the thrust faulting and folding. The Basin and Range faulting, active from Oligocene to Holocene, was responsible for the normal faults and the landslide. Marginal normal faults are probably active at the present time. (101 pages)

The purpose of this paper is to document the major reasons sheep producers are liquidating their business, and to provide some insight into the present use of land and labor resources taken out of sheep production, Data compiled for the study were obtained from personnel interviews of former sheep producers statistically selected from a master list of all producers who stopped sheep production from 1968 to June 1974. The general characteristics of Utah sheep ranches were presented followed by an analysis of producers who, and the reasons why, they sold their herds, The last section of the report documents the present use of resources taken out of sheep production.

Area used by male and female Phrynosoma mcallii (Hallowell) was studied in a population locted on the Barry M. Goldwater Aerial Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona. Area used by males and females shifted through time and did not fit the definition of home range. Summer male and female area used was not significantly different (F=2.625, df=1, P=0.131), but male areas used were significantly larger for 15-day time periods (F=9.67, P=0.0003). Males overlapped the area they occupied in consecutive 15-day time periods more often than did females. Female area used never overlapped within a 15-day time period. Male area used overlapped those of other males and females within a 15-day time period.

The Sharp Mountain area is situated in the southern part of the Bear River Range in Utah. The geology of the Bear River Range to the north of this area, in Utah and Idaho, has been mapped; however, prior to this study little was known about the Sharp Mountain area. The purpose of this investigation are as follows: (1) to map and describe the geology of the area, and (2) to relate the stratigraphic and structural features of the Sharp Mountain area to those of the surrounding region.

Plant secondary compounds abound in every plant mother nature has to offer. From common garden vegetables to poisonous plants, there are secondary compounds in every plant any animal, as well as we, chooses to eat. In the past, secondary compounds were mostly considered waste products of plant metabolism, but over the last several decades research has shown that these compounds play an active role in plant and animal behavior, health, and productivity. Though often seen only in terms of their negative impacts on intake and production, we are becoming increasingly aware of their beneficial roles in plant, animal, and human health. Providing herbivores with a diversity of plants to make up their diet allows them to regulate and mix foods so as to better utilize primary and secondary compounds, as well as enhancing economic and ecological performance. The secondary compound gramine is an alkaloid found in reed canarygrass that is proteinaceous in nature. Endophyte-infected tall fescue contains the alkaloids perlolidine, perloline and ergotamine, which are all steroidal in nature. Tannins have a high affinity for binding proteins, and saponins are non-polar steroidal compounds with a high affinity for binding to lipids in the gastro-intestinal tract of animals. These findings suggest that animals ingesting foods with alkaloids may increase their preference for tannin or saponin-containing foods to reduce the negative impacts of these secondary compounds. Moreover, tannins and saponins hasten alkaloid excretion from the body, which might also allow animals to eat more high-alkaloid forages when presented with tannins first. I tested the hypothesis that cattle and sheep foraging behavior is influenced by eating different combinations and sequences of forages containing secondary compounds. In pen and pasture trials, I showed that 1) sheep fed basal diets high in alkaloids (gramine or ergotamine) ate more when supplemented with food containing either tannins or saponins ; 2) cattle that ate a 30-minute meal of tall fescue(alkaloid) subsequently preferred birdsfoot trefoil(tannin) to alfalfa (saponin), while cattle that first ate reed canarygrass(alkaloid) subsequently preferred alfalfa(saponin) to birdsfoot trefoil (tannin) ; and 3) cattle spent more time grazing tall fescue and reed canarygrass when they first ate birdsfoot trefoil (high in tannins) and alfalfa (high in saponins), respectively, than when they ate these forages in the reverse sequence.

The Monte Cristo area is a 7 1/2-minute quadrangle located in the southeastern. part of the Bear River Range, northern Utah. It is within the Middle Rocky Mountain province and is 10 miles east of the Basin and Range province. Previous to this investigation little was known about the detailed geology of the area except for a reconnaissance study and general geologic map of the Cache County part included in the Geologic Atlas of Utah, Cache County, published by Williams (1958). The purposes of this investigation were as follows: (1) to determine the formations present in the area and their relation to regional stratigraphy, (2) to determine the structure of the area and its relation to regional.structure, and (3). to produce a geologic map of the area (Plate 1).

No description available.

Joint Position Sense (JPS) of the shoulder as determined by repeated repositioning tasks has been performed under different constrained testing conditions. The variability in the testing protocols for JPS testing of the gleno-humeral joint may incorporate different movement patterns, numbers of trials used to derived a specific JPS variable and range of motion. All of these aspects may play an important role in the assessment of G-H JPS testing. When using a new instrument for assessing JPS all of these issues need to be examined to document the optimal testing protocols for subsequent clinical assessments. By undertaking these studies future clinical trials may be more optimally assessed to determine if there are differences between dominant and non-dominant arms as well as the presence of JPS changes in performance associated with pathology and rehabilitation. This study used a 3-dimensional tracking system to examined gleno-humeral JPS using 2 open kinetic chain movement patterns. The 'conventional' 90 degree abducted, externally rotated movement was compared to the hypothetically more functional D2 movement pattern used in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitatory techniques. These two patterns were tested at different ranges (low and high). Two cohorts (n=12, n=16) of normal healthy athletic males aged 17-35 years, performed matching tasks of both left and right arms. The second cohort (n=16) were assessed with and without strapping the gleno-humeral joint with sports tape. Accuracy (overall bias) and precision (variability) scores were determined for progressively greater numbers of trials. The findings of the study show that estimates of JPS accuracy and precision become more stable from data derived from 5 to 6 matching trials. There were no statistical differences between sides [95%CI ± 1.5cm]. The accuracy but not precision improved as subjects approximated the 'high' end of range in the 'conventional' or D2 pattern. Furthermore, no systematic differences were detected at different ranges of movement or movement patterns with or without the application of sports tape. These findings provide a guide to the number of trials that optimise the testing of the gleno-humeral joint and also suggest that in normal controls the magnitude of differences between sides and movement patterns is similar. These findings also iii indicate that sports tape applied to the shoulder may not significantly change the JPS performance in healthy, athletic males.

Long-range dependence in discrete and continuous time Markov chains over a countable state space is defined via embedded renewal processes brought about by visits to a fixed state. In the discrete time chain, solidarity properties are obtained and long-range dependence of functionals are examined. On the other hand, the study of LRD of continuous time chains is defined via the number of visits in a given time interval. Long-range dependence of Markov chains over a non-countable state space is also carried out through positive Harris chains. Embedded renewal processes in these chains exist via visits to sets of states called proper atoms. Examples of these chains are presented, with particular attention given to long-range dependent Markov chains in single-server queues, namely, the waiting times of GI/G/1 queues and queue lengths at departure epochs in M/G/1 queues. The presence of long-range dependence in these processes is dependent on the moment index of the lifetime distribution of the service times. The Hurst indexes are obtained under certain conditions on the distribution function of the service times and the structure of the correlations. These processes of waiting times and queue sizes are also examined in a range of M/P/2 queues via simulation (here, P denotes a Pareto distribution).

The objectives for the first part of this thesis were to describe changes in oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) in newly born infants in the delivery room (DR) and to illustrate the changes using centile reference charts. The objective of the second part of the thesis was to investigate whether infants < 29 weeks gestation who receive positive pressure ventilation (PPV), immediately after birth with a T-piece have higher SpO2 measurements at five minutes than infants ventilated with a self inflating bag (SIB). / Study Design. A prospective observational study was used to achieve the first objectives. For the second part of the thesis I coordinated a randomised, controlled trial of two devices used for resuscitation of extremely preterm infants in the DR where the primary outcome measure was SpO2. / Patients and methods. In all studies a Masimo Radical pulse oximeter (PO) was placed on the infant’s right hand/wrist immediately after birth. PO data (oxygen saturation, HR and signal quality) were downloaded every 2 sec and analysed only when the signal had no alarm messages (low IQ signal, low perfusion, sensor off, ambient light). / Results. Observational studies: The dataset to develop the reference range charts included 61,650 data points from 468 infants. Infants had a mean (range) gestational age of 38 (25-42) weeks and birthweight 2970 (625-5135) g. For all 468 infants at one minute the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th centiles were 29%, 39%, 66%, 87% and 92%; at two minutes 34%, 46%, 73%, 91% and 95% and at five minutes 59%, 73%, 89%, 97% and 98%. It took a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0 to 10) minutes to reach a SpO2 > 90%. SpO2 of preterm infants rose more slowly than that of term infants. At one min the median (IQR) HR was 82 (66 to 138) bpm rising at two min and five min to 151 (112 to 169) bpm and 166 (148 to 176) bpm respectively. In preterm infants, the SpO2 and HR rose more slowly than term infants. / Randomised trial: Forty nine infants were randomly allocated to the T-piece and 50 to the SIB. Ten infants did not receive PPV, 4 (8%) in the T-piece group and 6 (12%) in the SIB group and were not included in the analysis. Forty-one infants received PPV with a T-piece and 39 with a SIB. At 5 minutes after birth there was no significant difference between the mean (SD) SpO2 in the T-piece and SIB groups [50 (31)% vs. 53 (25)%, (p=0.73)]. More T-piece infants received oxygen during DR resuscitation (100% vs. 90%, p=0.04). There was no significant difference between the groups in the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); endotracheal intubation or administration of surfactant in the DR. Fewer of the T-piece group who left the DR on CPAP were intubated in the first 24 hrs after birth. (7% vs. 23%, p=0.05). / Conclusion. The centile charts developed in this thesis provide a reference range for SpO2 and HR in the first 10 minutes after birth for preterm and term infants. In the randomised trial there was no significant difference in SpO2 at five minutes after birth in extremely preterm infants given PPV with a T-piece or a SIB.