Starch gel electrophoresis and isoenzyme staining were studied in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L., R. X neglectus Peck, and R. occidentalis L.). Seven isoenzymes could be separated using one of two gel-electrophoresis buffers: tris-citric acid at pH 7.1 for aconitase (ACO), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) and histidine-citric acid at pH 5.7 for malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH). There were no variations detected between samples obtained from micropropagated shoots, greenhouse-, or field-grown plants. Tissue type and age had no effect on isoenzyme banding patterns except for PGM where this affected the relative densities of the bands. Fifty-five out of 78 raspberry cultivars could be uniquely characterized using the above isoenzymes. Analysis of cultivars obtained from multiple sources detected occasional mislabelled plants. The mode of inheritance of raspberry isoenzymes was studied and analysis of co-segregating loci revealed two possible linkage groups: Mdh-2/Tpi-2/Pgm-1 and Idh-1/widh. / A high rate (70%) of adventitious shoot regeneration was observed from leaf-petiole explants of micropropagated shoot cultures of 'Comet' red raspberry cultured on modified Murashige-Skoog medium containing 1 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg/l 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA). Variation in the agar concentration or incubation temperature, orientation or scoring of the leaf-petiole explants and use of separate leaf or petiole explants had no effect on shoot regeneration while incubation in the dark for 1, 2, or 3 weeks prior to growth in the light depressed the number of adventitious shoots formed. Only 8 of 22 raspberry cultivars were capable of regenerating from leaf explants of greenhouse-grown plants.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76).

Thesis (M.S. in food science)--Washington State University, December 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 31, 2008). "School of Food Science and Human Nutrition." Includes bibliographical references.

Presented as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1926. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-38).

"Thesis presented to the Dept. of Pomology as part of the requirements of a minor subject for the degree of Master of Science of Agriculture." / Cover title. Bibliography: p. [40].

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1986. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-98). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Microsporogenesis, embryo sac development Including fertilization, and fruit set involving cross pollinations were studied in the highly self-fertile red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivar Mailing Jewel and the partially male sterile United States Department of Agriculture -Oregon State University selection Ore-US 1314 from the United States Department of Agriculture-Oregon State University red raspberry breeding program. Pollen was stained with aceto-carmine to determine pollen abnormality. Anthers of different filament lengths differed in the percent of normal pollen produced in the Ore-US 1314. Percent normal pollen produced by this selection is also much less than that, produced by Mailing Jewel. Longitudinal and cross sections of the anthers of both clones were examined and no direct involvement of the tapetum was observed to be contributing to the production of abnormal microspores in either clone. Anther squashes showed that only 41.8% of the cells of Ore-US 1314 underwent normal meiosis as compared to 93% in Mailing Jewel. Lagging chromosomes at meiosis I were also observed in Ore-US 1314. Cytogenetic factors are thought to be involved in causing increased pollen abortion and thus male sterility in Ore-US 1314. Examinations of embryo sac development under open pollination showed that while Ore-US 1314 did riot have a retarded embryo sac development, it had a high percentage of degenerate embryo sacs. Degeneration is believed to be a result of pollen of poor quality, incompatible pollen, the collapse of the egg cell due to failure of pollen to fertilize it at the critical time, or the involvement of all three. The pollination experiments involved self, open, and cross-pollinations of the two clones. The results obtained from the druplet set suggest that Ore-US 1314 could be both partial and cross-incompatible. Druplet set in Ore-US 1314 when open pollinated increased above that when selfed suggesting a positive reaction to pollen mixtures. Mailing Jewel, although not self-incompatible, was found to be partially cross-incompatible with Ore-US 1314. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Pseudomonas syringae van Hall was recovered from 31 of 32 samples of red raspberry tissue showing typical symptoms of bacterial blight. Of the 99 isolates recovered, 85 were physiologically-typical, P. syringae isolates, three did not produce the fluorescent pigment, six did not utilize lactate and five did not produce toxin as determined by the Geotrichum candidum bioassay. When a suspension of 10⁷ CFU/ml was sprayed on the leaves of 6-week-old raspberry plants, 42 of 48 isolates caused necrosis within 4 days. No other bacterium recovered from the diseased raspberry tissue was pathogenic to raspberry in greenhouse tests. P. syringae isolates remained viable and retained their toxin-producing ability when stored for one year on nutrient glycerol agar at 5°C. Identical isolates stored on nutrient agar at 5°C or in sterile distilled water at room temperature either did not survive or lost their toxin-producing ability. There seemed to be a relationship between toxin-producing ability and an isolate's virulence as about 50% of toxin-producing isolates were rated pathogenic and 35% weakly pathogenic while none of the non-toxin-producing isolates were rated pathogenic and 60% were rated weakly pathogenic. A scheme was devised for rapid identification of P. syringae from raspberry tissue. An isolate was determined to be P. syringae if it produced a distinctive raised mucoid colony on nutrient sucrose agar, produced a fluorescent pigment, was oxidase negative and reacted in drop agglutination tests with an antiserum prepared against syringae. These tests could be done within three days. This scheme was used to study the overwintering site of P. syringae on raspberry. P. syringae was found to naturally populate 25-75% of raspberry buds during the winter months. Populations of 10⁴ CFU/six bud sample were most common in the buds that contained P. syringae. During the spring and summer months, P. syringae survived as an epiphyte on raspberry leaves both in the field and in the greenhouse trials. P. syringae was also shown to cause brownish-red spots surrounded by yellow halos on the leaves of raspberry during the summer months. About 90% of the P. syringae isolates from raspberry were ice nucleation active. Raspberry plants that had been sprayed with a suspension of 10⁷ CFU/ml and then held at -2°C for 4 hours developed symptoms similar to those of bacterial blight within 12 hours of the freeze treatment. In preliminary tests, raspberry cultivars showed varying degrees of resistance to P. syringae infection. Raspberry cultivar Chilcotin showed greatest resistance and cultivar Mailing Leo showed greatest susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae infection. Three different species of bacteria were found in the normal microflora of the raspberry that were antagonistic to P. syringae in vitro. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

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