Os acidentes ofídicos representam um problema de saúde pública nos países tropicais, sendo listada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) com uma doença negligenciada. A manutenção de serpentes em cativeiro tornou-se uma alternativa para a obtenção do veneno para pesquisas imunológicas e produção de soro antiofídico. No Brasil, o gênero Crotalus é responsável por 10% dos acidentes ofídicos registrados e apresenta a maior taxa de letalidade, por volta de 1,0%. O Instituto Butantan, conta com o Laboratório de Herpetologia que desde a década de 60 mantém o programa de criação de serpentes em sistema intensivo. Muitas serpentes de vida livre que morrem pouco depois da chegada ao cativeiro, ou ainda na pós-captura, sofrem da “ síndrome de má adaptação ". Esta síndrome é caracterizada por anorexia, emagrecimento progressivo, fragilidade dos tecidos e maior susceptibilidade às infecções por microrganismos. Todas essas alterações ocorrem devido a imunossupressão desencadeada pelo estresse. Por esse motivo a presença de endo e ectoparasitos torna-se um problema na manutenção dos animais, pois além de provocar enfermidades, a presença dos parasitos interfere na produção de veneno, uma vez que sua quantidade e qualidade estão diretamente associadas à alimentação e saúde das serpentes. Por este motivo o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi determinar as alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas provocadas pela ação de endoparasitas em Crotalus durissus terrificus e correlacioná-las com as níveis plasmáticos de corticosterona para determinar se animais parasitados apresentam valores maiores de corticosterona do que animais sadios, outra intenção da pesquisa foi determinar as alterações anatomopatológicas provocadas pelos parasitos nas serpentes e ainda determinar quais os principais parasitos que acometem a espécie em questão. As alterações hematológicas observadas, estatisticamente significante ocorreram no VCM e HCM das serpentes indicando uma possível anemia regenerativa com recrutamento de células jovens. Os parâmetros bioquímicos mantiveram-se praticamente iguais entre os Grupos do estudo. Com relação a concentração plasmática de corticosterona, os animais parasitados apresentaram maiores valores basais em todas as coletas, evidenciando que animais parasitados são mais estressados e consequentemente mais susceptíveis à infecções. Alterações histopatológicas foram observadas em ambos os Grupos, mas apenas os animais parasitados apresentaram inflamações granulomatosas, congestão gástrica além da presença de parasitas no sistema digestório. Com relação a determinação dos parasitos, em nossa pesquisa utilizamos técnicas moleculares (PRC) para determinar quais gêneros são mais frequentes e encontramos 80% de parasitismo por ascarídeo do gênero Ophidascaris sp. / Snakebite accidents represent a public health problem in tropical countries, being listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) with a neglected disease. The maintenance of captive snakes has become an alternative for obtaining venom for immunological research and the production of anti-venom. In Brazil, the genus Crotalus is responsible for 10% of recorded ophidian accidents and has the highest lethality rate, around 1.0%. The Instituto Butantan, counts on the Laboratory of Herpetology that since the decade of 60 maintains the program of creation of snakes on captivity. Many free-living snakes that die shortly after arrival in captivity, or even post-capture, suffer from the ” maladaptation syndrome ” This syndrome is characterized by anorexia, progressive thinning, tissue fragility and greater susceptibility to infections by microorganisms. All of these changes occur due to stress-induced immunosuppression. For this reason, the presence of endo and ectoparasites becomes a problem in the maintenance of the animals, because in addition to causing diseases, the presence of parasites interferes in the production of venom, since their quantity and quality are directly associated with food and health of the animals. snakes Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the hematological, biochemical alterations caused by endoparasites in Crotalus durissus terrificus and to correlate them with plasma corticosterone levels to determine if parasitized animals present higher values of corticosterone than healthy animals, another The aim of the research was to determine the anatomopathological alterations caused by the parasites in the snakes and to determine the main parasites that affect the species in question. The observed hematological alterations, statistically significant, occurred in MVC and MCH of the snakes indicating a possible regenerative anemia with recruitment of young cells. The biochemical parameters remained practically equal between the study Groups. Regarding the plasma corticosterone concentration, the parasitized animals presented higher baseline values in all collections, showing that parasitized animals are more stressed and consequently more susceptible to infections. Histopathological changes were observed in both Groups, but only the parasitized animals presented granulomatous inflammation, gastric congestion and the presence of parasites in the digestive system. With regard to the determination of the parasites, in our research we used molecular techniques (PCR) to determine which genera are most frequent and found 80% of parasitism per ascarid of the genus Ophidascaris sp.

The life history and reproductive ecology of the pygmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius barbouri was studied from January, 1984 to June, 1987 at Long Pine Key, Everglades national Park. This sample exhibits no sexual dimorphism except for relative to hail lengths; mean adult size was about 47 cms. Females do however comprise the majority of the snakes over 50 cms. S.m. barbouri show no habitat preference between the four habitat types. They are active year-round theater clearly second half of the year snakes. The species activity peak is in October which marks the end of the wet season and the climax and water table level. In addition, gravid females are active in February and March. While wise and juveniles also show a small peak of activity in May, the onset of the wet season. In the fall ovary length and egg size is small where is the test's size is large suggesting meeting in the fall. Eggs are yoked and enlarged in February and March but are still in the ovaries. Birth of the young occurs in July. Sperm retention is suggested. Mean hatchling size is larger than that cited by Klauber (1956). Growth rate in the first year of life is estimated to be approximately 82% Age of sexual maturity is estimated to be three years.

On three days in March each year, the sleepy little town of Sweetwater, Texas transforms into the rattlesnake capital of the world. Snake hunters and curious tourists converge on the town of 12,000 for the Annual Sweetwater Rattlesnake Roundup. On the outside of the Nolan County Coliseum, the smell of funnel cakes and hot-dogs fills the air as vendors sell snacks and souvenirs. However the real action is inside where snakes collected from all over the state lay in piles by the thousands, waiting to be sexed, milked and ultimately killed. Through interviews and observational footage, "Snakes Alive!" explores the Sweetwater Rattlesnake Roundup, those that participate in the event, and the elements that make it an unabashed West Texas tradition.